L’élaboration d’une question de recherche permet de répondre de manière concrète à un problème auquel est confronté un chercheur. Ce problème correspond à une situation où les connaissances scientifiques ne permettent pas de répondre partiellement ou complètement à cette problématique.
À partir de ce problème, le chercheur va identifier plusieurs questions de recherche. Pour chaque question, il va émettre une hypothèse qu’il va vouloir vérifier . Grâce à une étude, le chercheur va confirmer ou infirmer son hypothèse à la lumière des résultats.
Cette démarche hypothético-déductive est caractéristique de la recherche quantitative. Nous verrons plus loin qu’on ne peut pas l’appliquer pour la recherche qualitative.
I. Hypothèse et question de recherche
A. Problème de recherche
Le problème de recherche peut surgir de différentes manières :
À partir d’une observation , qu’elle soit provoquée lors d’une expérimentation ou qu’elle survienne chez un patient, mais sans explication logique. À partir des données de la science précédemment publiées : Les données sont discordantes entre les études Les données sont de mauvaise qualité et d’un niveau de preuve insuffisant Les résultats inattendus de travaux de recherche, comme par exemple des effets secondaires d’un médicamentLa poursuite de travaux de recherche antérieurs . Les études étant réalisées pour répondre à une seule question, elles peuvent aborder d’autres questions de recherche sans parvenir à y répondre complètement. À partir des données de la recherche expérimentale ou fondamentale réalisées dans des conditions strictes et un environnement très contrôlé À partir de nouvelles théories ou de nouveaux concepts issus d’observation ou de recherche effectuées dans d’autres disciplines. La recherche qualitative y participe activement. À partir d’une modélisation ou d’une simulation numérique . Les capacités de développement informatiques permettent de créer des populations virtuelles afin de tester des hypothèses et en créer de nouvelles.
B. Élaboration d’une hypothèse et d’une question
1. Recherche documentaire
À l’aide d’une analyse de la littérature, le chercheur va identifier l’état actuel des connaissances de la science dans le domaine du problème de recherche. Il va mettre en évidence les données pertinentes et zones d’ombre à éclaircir.
2. Questions et objectifs
Un projet de recherche a souvent 1 question principale et plusieurs questions secondaires. Pour chaque question, le chercheur définit un objectif dans son étude afin d’y répondre.
Question/objectif principal : question à laquelle le travail va tenter de répondre en priorité. La définition du type d’étude et du schéma expérimental en dépendra. Ex. : efficacité de deux médicaments différents sur la mortalité. Questions/objectifs secondaires : des questions supplémentaires peuvent être posées pour analyser des variables complémentaires permettant de mieux cerner le problème étudié ou d’identifier de nouvelles hypothèses. Ex. : effets secondaires d’un médicament.
3. Variables d’étude et critère de jugement
Afin de répondre à la question posée, on définit les variables d’études et la relation entre les variables permettant d’y répondre.
La variable expliquée correspond au critère de jugement principal qui reflète le critère de jugement principal. C’est la variable sur laquelle on souhaite identifier l’influence des variables explicatives. Ex. : mortalité Les variables explicatives correspondent aux variables sur lesquelles on souhaite tester le lien avec la variable expliquée. Ex. : le médicament A ou B
Ces variables sont référencées en plusieurs catégories :
Qualitative (catégorielle) : grandeurs non numériques
Ordonnée : elles s’expriment en classes qui peuvent être ordonnées selon une échelle de valeurs. Ex. : score de gravité léger, moyen, sévère.
Nominales : variables dont les classes ne peuvent être hiérarchisées. Ex. : groupe sanguin.
Cas particulier : binaire : variable ne pouvant prendre que 2 résultats possibles. Ex. : sexe.
Quantitative : on peut faire la somme ou la différence de plusieurs résultats.
Discrète (discontinue) : variable qui ne peut prendre qu’une suite discontinue (finie ou infinie) de valeurs, donnant un faible nombre de résultats. Ex. : Nombre de rechutes d’une maladie par an, parité.
Continue : variable pouvant prendre toutes les valeurs d’un intervalle fini ou infini. Ex. : poids.
Censurée : variable évoluant avec le temps dont la mesure peut manquer au moment de l’analyse. On les retrouve surtout dans les analyses de survie concernant les « exclus-vivants » et les « perdus de vue » dont on ne connaît pas l’état au moment de la mesure.
4. Population étudiée
La population étudiée doit être représentative de la population qui est concernée par le problème de recherche. Elle est définie de manière stricte par des critères d’inclusion et d’exclusion.
5. Hypothèse de travail
L’hypothèse de travail est une proposition que l’on va soumettre à un travail de recherche et la comparer aux résultats observés. Ex. : le médicament A réduit la mortalité par rapport au traitement B.
Néanmoins, certaines études ne nécessitent pas d’hypothèse comme les études descriptives ou les revues systématiques. Ex. : Description des caractéristiques des patients ayant de l’hypertension artérielle en France
L’hypothèse a plusieurs qualités :
Pertinente : elle est importante en termes de fréquence et de gravité, permettant aux résultats d’avoir un impact sur la pratique.Vraisemblable : elle doit s’appuyer sur des données scientifiquesPrécise : elle doit être définie de manière détaillée et a priori
Dans un article, l’hypothèse est formulée sous forme d’objectifs de l’étude. On la trouve à la fin du paragraphe « introduction » . Elle fait suite à l’exposition du contexte et des données de la science expliquant la pertinence de ce choix. Elle précède la description des méthodes expliquant la manière dont les auteurs vont chercher à tester cette hypothèse.
Habituellement, elle est construite à partir de 4 éléments :
PICO Signification Exemple P Patient ou problème médicalAge, sexe… I Intervention évaluéeNouveau traitement, test, intervention… C Comparateur Placebo, traitement ou test de référence O « Outcome » en anglais (événement mesuré, résultat clinique, critère de jugement) Taux de mortalité à 1 an, taux d’infarctus du myocarde…
II. Les types d’études
Pour chaque type de question de recherche, il lui correspondra un type d’étude lui permettant de répondre correctement à la question avec le meilleur niveau de preuve.
Il est difficile de s’y retrouver dans tous les types d’étude. Il n’existe aucune classification officielle ni consensuelle.
On peut essayer de les classer selon certains facteurs :
En fonction de l’objectif : décrire une population ? Rechercher une cause ? Evaluer une intervention ou un test ? En fonction de la méthodologie : quantitative ? Qualitative ? Semi-quantitative ?
Enfin, un logigramme pourra vous aider à vous orienter pour les études quantitatives :
Algorithme des études quantitatives
A. En fonction de l’objectif
En fonction de notre question de recherche, notre étude aura un objectif différent. Dans le tableau ci-dessous, on se limite aux études quantitatives :
objectif description question type d’étude descriptif description certains phénomènes de santé et leurs déterminants nombre de malades ? transversale nombre de nouveaux cas ? cohorte étiologique relation entre des facteurs et maladie phénomène contrôlable, fréquent cohorte randomisée non contrôlable, fréquent cohorte rare cas-témoin évaluation évaluation de l’intérêt d’une intervention efficacité d’une évaluation ? contrôlée randomisée sécurité ? contrôlée randomisée ou suivi de cohorte diagnostique comparer la précision d’un signe clinique ou un examen paraclinique à un examen de référence pour diagnostiquer une maladie reproductibilité/variabilité ? transversale comparative avec répétition de mesures sensibilité/spécificité ? transversale avec comparaison gold standard efficacité/utilité ? contrôlée randomisée stratégie diagnostique ? contrôlée randomisée ou arbre décisionnel pronostic évaluation du devenir d’une maladie en fonction de facteurs pronostiques maladie fréquente contrôlée randomisée ou suivi de cohorte maladie rare cas-témoin
B. En fonction de la méthode
De nombreuses méthodologies de recherche existent, les plus connus en médecine sont les études quantitatives les études qualitatives et les études de synthèse de connaissance :
Quantitative : étude ayant pour objectif de mesurer une variable, tester une hypothèse et/ou une relation causale entre des variables.
Épidémiologique (observationnelle) : études dont l’objectif est d’identifier les facteurs associés à des événements de santé et ne reposant pas sur une démarche expérimentale.
Descriptive : recueil des informations sur l’incidence, la prévalence et l’évolution d’un phénomène de santé (peu couteuses, elles sont une photographie de la population à un instant donné).
Étude de cas, Série de cas
Transversale
Cohorte descriptive (de type 1)
Analytique : recherche les déterminants de ce phénomène : relation de causalité et facteur de risque.
Cas témoins
Transversale (enquête de prévalence)
Cohorte analytique (de type 2)
Écologique : on s’intéresse à des groupes d’individus et non pas à l’individu
Interventionnelle (d’intervention) : étude mesurant l’impact d’une intervention
Étude contrôlée randomisée
Étude contrôlée non randomisée
Qualitative : études utilisant des méthodes qualitatives pour la collecte et la description de données qualitatives. On distingue les études en fonction de la méthode théorique et de la méthode de recueil de données :
Méthode théorique :
Phénoménologie : compréhension de l’essence de l’expérience des gens et des phénomènes.
Étude de cas : investigation de phénomènes contemporains dans leur contexte de vie.
Ethnographie : immersion du chercheur dans la vie des sujets étudiés et place du phénomène étudié dans le contexte social et culturel
Biographie : chronologie d’expériences de vie
Théorie ancrée : construction de la théorie à partir des données recueillies.
Recueil de données :
Entretiens :
Structurés : guide d’entretien structuré (se rapprochant du questionnaire)
Semi-structurés : questions à réponses ouvertes sous forme d’un guide comportant des thématiques, avec grandes questions et prévisions de relances éventuelles.
Approfondies : 1 ou 2 points étudiés de façon très détaillée. Il n’existe quasiment pas de guide.
De groupes (focus groups) : 8 à 10 personnes rassemblées autour d’un sujet avec un animateur et un observateur.
Observation
Directe :
Participante : l’observateur a un rôle précis
Non participante : l’observateur a un rôle passif, extérieur
Indirecte :
Analyse documentaire : réalisation d’une recherche documentaire exhaustive
Analyse de transcription : analyse d’enregistrement audio ou vidéo
Méthodes de consensus :
Méthode Delphi : les participants ne se réunissent jamais. Pas de limitation de nombre et de lieu. Toutes les discussions sont faites par Internet ou par courrier postal.
Groupe nominal : 8 à 12 personnes sont réunies. 1ère étape : relevé des points principaux du sujet travaillé. Une échelle de Lickert est ensuite renseignée par les participants pour chacun des items. Les réponses sont regroupées et permettent une hiérarchisation de chaque item.
Synthèse de connaissances
Revue systématique : rassemblement, évaluation et synthèse des résultats des investigations initiales soulevant un problème ou un sujet particulier et utilisant un protocole structuré et rigoureux
Méta-analyse : technique statistique qui résume les résultats de plusieurs études en une seule estimation, ce qui donne plus de poids aux résultats des grandes études
Synthèse en recherche qualitative
Autres :
Audit clinique
Étude avant/après
Agrégats spatio-temporels
Études macro-économiques
Évaluation de la qualité des soins
En plus de l’article original, il existe d’autres types d’articles que l’on peut trouver dans une revue médicale :
Article original : document rapportant les résultats d’une étude visant à confirmer ou infirmer une hypothèse de travail nouvelle, et qui n’a jamais été publiée.Éditorial : commentaire écrit par la rédaction ou par un expert. Il donne son opinion sur un point d’actualité ou une étude originale.Acte de congrès : transcription d’une communication orale réalisée lors d’un congrès.Article préliminaire : résultats préliminaires d’une étude en coursArticle didactique : document de diffusion des connaissances scientifiques et/ou médicales. Il constitue une synthèse non méthodique qui rassemble les définitions, informations, argumentations, références et propositions d’action (stratégies diagnostiques et thérapeutiques) utiles à la compréhension du thème, l’acquisition et l’entretien de connaissance et/ou de compétence. Sa rédaction et sa présentation se veulent pédagogiques et adaptées au public visé.Lettre à la rédaction : forme courte d’article écrit par les lecteurs soumise à la revue, correspondant à une opinion sur un article.Autres : chaque revue a ses propres catégories d’articles avec ses propres règles éditoriales.
Les exercices
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onText%22%3A%22SNDS%22%2C%22annotationComment%22%3A%22%22%2C%22annotationColor%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22annotationPageLabel%22%3A%221%22%2C%22annotationSortIndex%22%3A%2200000%7C002106%7C00639%22%2C%22annotationPosition%22%3A%22%7B%5C%22pageIndex%5C%22%3A0%2C%5C%22rects%5C%22%3A%5B%5B359.939%2C144.006%2C381.872%2C151.838%5D%5D%7D%22%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-09-24T08%3A41%3A30Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
1.
13.4% of participants fell within the KDIGO 2012 moderate risk CKD, 0.9–5.6% within the high-risk group and 0.3–4.8% within the very high-risk group.
1.
Orlandi PF, Huang J, Fukagawa M, et al. A collaborative, individual-level analysis compared longitudinal outcomes across the International Network of Chronic Kidney Disease (iNETCKD) cohorts. Kidney Int. 2019;96:1217–33.
1.
Fig. 3 Prevalence of each KDIGO 2012 category in general population samples.
1.
Applying KDIGO criteria, 450 (50%) were defined as moderate risk, 86 (10%) high risk and 69 (8%) very high risk. 33% did not have a uACR recorded to determine risk.
1.
905 patients met the inclusion criteria (6% of the population).
1.
Primary Care software to extract data.
1.
Introducing a Cardiovascular Renal Metabolic Service to Optimise the Management of Chronic Kidney Disease in Primary Care. An Interface Project.
1.
Linden P, Leonard N, Conlan J. Introducing a Cardiovascular Renal Metabolic Service to Optimise the Management of Chronic Kidney Disease in Primary Care. An Interface Project. | International Journal of Integrated Care. 2025 Apr 9 [cited 2025 Sept 24]; Available from:
https://ijic.org/articles/10.5334/ijic.ICIC24496
1.
public and private facilities.
1.
Risk profile, quality of life and care of patients with moderate and advanced CKD: The French CKD-REIN Cohort Study.
1.
Overall distribution according to KDIGO 2012 risk groups showed 7.4% at low or moderate, 15.8% at high and 65.5% at very high risk, while 11.2% were unclassified due to missing albuminuria (Figure 1.
1.
23. Stengel B, Metzger M, Combe C, et al. Risk profile, quality of life and care of patients with moderate and advanced CKD: the French CKD-REIN Cohort Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2019;34:277–86.
1.
participants fell within the KDIGO 2012 lowrisk group, 3.7–13.4% within the moderately increased risk group, 0.9–5.6% within the highrisk group and 0.3–4.8% within the very highrisk group.
1.
ost fell within the KDIGO 2012 low-risk or moderate-risk groups, with 0.9–5.6% in the high-risk and 0.3–4.8% in the very high-risk groups.
1.
revalence of CKD (GFR categories G3–5), ranging from 2% to 17%.
1.
Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease by KDIGO Categories of Glomerular Filtration Rate and Albuminuria: A Systematic Review.
1.
CKD stage at first qualifying eGFR measurement.
1.
testing within 6 months of CKD diagnosis.
1.
6529 patients with CKD (18.4%) received follow-up urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR.
1.
With Diabetes and Hypertension (n = 14 859 [32.2%]).
1.
With Diabetes (n = 6770 [14.7%]).
1.
6770 (14.7%) had diabetes without hypertension, 16 930 (36.7%) had hypertension only, and 14 859 (32.2%) had both diabetes and hypertension.
1.
6 162 patients (mean [SD] age, 69.2 [14.0] years; 25 855 [56.0%] female) from primary care practices.
1.
Only 6529 patients (18.4%) with CKD received a urine albumin test within 6 months of CKD diagnosis,.
1.
46 162 patients (mean [SD] age, 69.2 [14.0].
1.
Quality of Chronic Kidney Disease Management in Canadian Primary Care.
1.
Electronic medical record.
1.
• The estimated prevalence of CKD in France at 8%–10% is close to that expected.
1.
n France, the MONALISA study using three representative cross-sectional surveys in subjects aged 35–74.9 years estimated the CKD prevalence at 8.2% (95% CI, 7.4–8.9%).
1.
18% of individuals treated for diabetes.
1.
in the ‘certain’ group, 68 years.
1.
The median age was 67 years.
1.
n 2021, representing an estimated prevalence in the general population increasing from 8.1% to 10.5%.
1.
RENALGO-EXPERT algorithm identified 4.5% of the volunteers in the CONSTANCES as CKD.
1.
the estimated prevalence in the SNDS increased from 8.1% to 10.5%.
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