II. Communication
Communiquer est une étape obligatoire pour tout chercheur. Il doit exposer le résultat de ses recherches à la communauté scientifique. Il dispose de plusieurs moyens :
Communication écrite
Poster (communication affichée)
Article de revue
Communication orale
L’intérêt de communiquer est multiple :
Valoriser un travail (sa thèse ou son mémoire de master)
Soumettre son travail à la critique
Se faire connaître de ses paires
A. Soumettre un résumé pour un congrès
Avant de pouvoir communiquer sur son travail durant un congrès, il faut passer par un processus de sélection.
Un comité scientifique va sélectionner les meilleurs travaux de recherche qui seront soumis sous forme de résumé (abstract en anglais).
C’est quoi un résumé ?
Le résumé correspond à la version abrégée, la version courte d’un travail . Résumant en quelques phrases tout votre travail, il sera écrit à la fin de votre recherche. En revanche, c’est la première chose que liront ceux qui veulent avoir un aperçu de votre travail, que ce soit à un congrès ou sur Pubmed.
Quel contenu ?
Le travail de recherche proposé doit être pertinent pour le congrès et le public.
Le résumé doit être retravaillé pour correspondre aux attentes du comité scientifique et du public.
Quel format ?
Chaque congrès a ses propres règles de rédaction : nombre de mots, structure IMRAD, figure, tableau… Très souvent publié sur internet ou dans des suppléments de revue, cette rigueur vise à faciliter la mise en page ultérieur des résumés. Prenez connaissance de ces « recommandations aux auteurs » sur le site du congrès avant de vous lancer dans la rédaction.
Les principales recommandations sont :
Le format :
Communication orale
Communication écrite (poster)
Atelier
Table ronde
La langue : anglais pour les congrès internationaux.
Catégorie. Ex : pédagogie, prévention, retour d’expérience…
Titre
Auteurs : ordre et affiliations
Paragraphe et nombre de mots/caractères maximum.
Ex : Background & Aims (750 characters), Materials & Methods or Patient & Methods (2000 characters) and Results & Conclusions (750 characters) for the SESAM congress.
Graphique, tableau, image : nombre, résolution maximale et minimale, format.
Police : taille et police de caractère.
Attention : date limite de soumission !
Le dépôt des résumés à la soumission est encadré par des dates. Vous disposez souvent de 1 ou 2 mois entre l’ouverture et la fermeture de la soumission. Bien que la date limite de soumission soit souvent décalée de quelques jours pour les retardataires, attention à ne pas la rater, surtout s’il existe un décalage horaire.
Checklist
Je vous propose un checklist inspiré de LR Salmi avant d’envoyer votre résumé :
Checklist du résumé
Structure
Ordre
Titre
Auteurs
Affiliations
IMRAD
Figure, tableau
Annexe
Format
Catégorie
Langue
Postuler à un prix
Mots clef (MeSH)
Typographie
Mise en page
Interligne
Tabulation
Marge
Alignement
Caractères
Taille
Police
Variables inconnues, constantes en italique
Spéciaux (marque, copyright)
Calendrier
Date et heure limite de soumission
Inscription au congrès (et réductions)
Transport, hébergement
Autorisation administrative
Autres
Auteurs
Accord
Conflits d’intérêt
Vérifier l’éligibilité
Désignation de l’orateur (si besoin)
Règles
Possibilité de présenter le poster dans plusieurs congrès ?
Ethique
B. Communication affichée
1. La théorie :
La communication affichée (ou poster) est définie par une grande feuille qui sera fixée à un mur, sur laquelle est imprimé un travail de recherche sous forme d’un résumé, de figure, tableaux et images.
Généralement, durant le congrès, une séance de présentation des posters est organisée. Elle permet la rencontre des personnes intéressées et de l’auteur afin de discuter du travail de recherche.
Les avantages et inconvénients d’un poster sont :
Avantages :
Il est plus facile d’avoir son résumé accepté. Ex : le congrès de l’AMEE 2016 accepte 600 posters.
Il est plus facile de présenter oralement son travail devant quelques personnes que devant une salle entière. C’est une bonne initiation à la communication orale.
Il facilite le contact direct avec les personnes intéressées.
Inconvénients :
Déprécié car la qualité est souvent médiocre.
Beaucoup de posters et peu de gens intéressés.
Il faut le créer, l’imprimer et le transporter jusqu’au congrès.
Nécessité de quelques compétences de design graphique pour le rendre attrayant.
Structure de l’affiche :
Les unités de recherche disposent souvent d’un modèle type de poster. Il permettra de remplir directement les cases sans se soucier du design, de la police, des couleurs…ou autres.
Pour ceux n’ayant pas à disposition un modèle, il faudra réaliser le design de votre poster et faire ressortir votre fibre créative ! (très souvent enfouie au plus profond de vous)
1/ Création de la charte graphique.
La charte graphique est un document qui référence les règles fondamentales concernant le graphique de votre poster. N’hésitez pas à demander au responsable communication de votre faculté qui pourra vous la fournir. Plus d’info ici .
Habituellement vous retrouverez dans la charte graphique :
Les logotypes des unités de recherche auxquels sont affiliés les auteurs, de différentes tailles, avec le code couleur.
Les polices de caractère : taille et fonte
Les jeux de couleur (nuancier). Pour choisir des couleurs harmonieuses et assorties, vous pouvez vous aider de la roue chromatique d’Adobe ou de Paletton . A savoir, il existe plusieurs modes de couleurs , au mieux utilisez CNJM pour imprimer un document. Les couleurs sont définies par des codes , le plus simple est d’utiliser le code hexadécimal correspondant à un # suivi de 6 chiffres/lettres.
2/ Création de la trame.
Ensuite, il faut organiser les différentes parties : titre, logo, figure… N’hésitez pas à réaliser un croquis sur une feuille de papier pour vous inspirer.
La création numérique du poster pourra être réalisée par un logiciel de diaporama (Microsoft Powerpoint, Google Slides…) ou un logiciel de création graphique vectorielle pour les plus initiés (Adobe Indesign, Adobe Illustrator, Inskape…)
3/ Création du contenu.
Il ne vous reste plus qu’à remplir les cases à partir du résumé que vous avez soumis. Pour pouvez modifier légèrement le résumé pour y apporter des améliorations et surtout le rendre plus attractif avec des figures, des graphiques, des tableaux…
2. Travaux pratiques
Nous allons imaginer que nous sommes un interne en médecine générale dans le département de médecine générale de Lepcamville et que nous voulons créer un poster car notre résumé a été accepté.
1/ Charte graphique :
N’ayant pas de charte graphique, nous allons en créer une.
Logotype : certains sites peuvent vous aider à en designer un gratuitement( Shopify …). Au mieux vous pouvez vous tourner vers un designer ou utiliser un logiciel graphique vectoriel si vous en avez les compétences.
Police : j’ai choisi « segoe UI » de taille 18 pour le « DMG » et 12 pour le reste
Couleur : uniquement couleur web RVB (limitée à 256) pour qu’elles s’affichent correctement sur votre écran. #006699 et #009999. Mais si vous voulez l’imprimer, utiliser plutôt le mode CNJM à la sauvegarde de votre document.
2/ Trame du poster.
Je vais créer la trame de mon poster. Cette trame pourra être réutilisée pour tous les posters du DMG. Je vais utiliser Adobe Illustrator.
Je définie la taille du poster : ici, 90 x 120 cm
Je mets le titre en haut à gauche, le logo principal en haut à droite, les logos des autres auteurs en bas à gauche.
Voici la maquette :
3/ Création du contenu
Une fois votre trame constituée, il va falloir remplir les différentes parties du poster.
L’originalité du poster est de pouvoir représenter les résultats sous formes de nombreuses figures et tableaux. Ils auront l’intérêt d’être facilement compris et attrayants.
4/ Impression
Dernière étape, l’envoyer à votre imprimeur préféré !
Demandez à votre laboratoire de prendre en charge les frais d’impression. Au mieux, votre faculté disposera d’un service dédié. Si vous le pouvez, enregistrer votre poster sous le format .tiff ou .pdf en utilisant le mode de couleur CNJM afin d’obtenir la meilleure qualité graphique.
Pour le transport, pensez à acheter un tube de transport afin de ne pas l’abimer (<15€ sur amazon ou chez un magasin d’art plastique)
NB : pensez à ajouter un QR code et à imprimer quelques exemplaires sous format A4 à disposer sous le poster. Vous pouvez le créer facilement sur internet notamment sur unitag .
C. Communication orale
Lors d’un congrès, vous avez la possibilité de présenter votre travail de recherche grâce à une communication orale.
La revue Nature met à disposition plusieurs articles en anglais disponibles sur son site , illustrés de 3 présentations filmées. Elle propose de structurer votre présentation de la façon suivante :
[gview file= »https://lepcam.fr/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/ECS-03-01-01-Structure.pdf »]
1. Préparer sa présentation
Le public
Certaines informations sont à récupérer afin de préparer correctement la présentation :
Quel est le public ? Ex : généralistes, cardiologues, paramédicaux…
Quel est la thématique du congrès ? Ex : l’enseignement en médecine générale pour le congrès du CNGE, la médecine générale en milieu rural pour le congrès de l’Euripa…
La réalisation de l’abstract ne suffit pas pour la présentation orale.
Identifier les messages
Chaque participant aura sa propre motivation pour venir écouter votre présentation. Après avoir défini votre public cible et la thématique du congrès, il faudra identifier les idées les plus pertinentes pour votre public et non pas forcément pour vous.
A l’aide de l’abstract que vous avez rédigé, il faut identifier :
Le résultat le plus important
Pourquoi il est important
La principale implication pour votre auditoire
Le support de présentation
Dans la plupart des cas, le support de présentation est un logiciel de diapositive.
Le plus connu est Microsoft Powerpoint mais il en existe d’autres comme GoogleSlide (gratuit, édité par Google), Keynote (Edité par Apple), Prezi (gratuit, dynamique), OpenOffice (gratuit)…
Les règles d’or:
1 diapo par minute de présentation
Max 8 mots par lignes et 8 lignes par diapositive
D’autres règles sont à prendre en compte :
Avoir quelques notions du design graphique (chapitre en cours de rédaction)
Taille de police > 20 pixels
Privilégiez les tableaux, photos et figures
Prévoir une diapositive de fin
Le support du discours
Le stress lié à la présentation orale peut vous faire perdre vos moyens. La répétition du discours avant la présentation vous permettra de retravailler les points délicats jusqu’à ce qu’ils deviennent limpides et claires. « Ce qui se conçoit bien s’énonce clairement – Et les mots pour le dire arrivent aisément. » Nicolas Boileau
Rédiger une trame de présentation ainsi que le discours afin de ne pas se perdre durant la présentation.
Imprimer la trame du discours qui permettra de s’aider en cas de trou de mémoire. Attention à ne pas lire littéralement le texte.
Répéter la présentation plusieurs fois avec et sans public afin de corriger certaines erreurs et les tics de comportement pouvant irriter l’auditoire. Vous pouvez aussi vous aider de la vidéo. Entraînez vous en visant un temps inférieur à celui autorisé pour le congrès.
2. Le jour de la présentation
Se familiariser avec le lieu
Arriver en avance
Vérifier la salle et le matériel audiovisuel dont le pointeur laser
Rencontrer le modérateur afin de se présenter (surtout si votre nom risque d’être mal prononcé lorsque le présentateur vous appellera)
Ecouter les présentations précédentes et repérer si certains membres du public sont agressifs.
Gestion du tract et du pointeur
Le trac est un sentiment d’appréhension irraisonné avant d’affronter un public. Il est naturel mais il peut perturber votre présentation.
Le meilleur moyen d’y faire face est de s’être entraîné à répéter la présentation.
D’autres techniques peuvent aider à le gérer : respirer profondément, boire une gorgée d’eau ou disposer d’un support écrit du discours.
La communication verbale. Le discours et la voix devront être caractérisés par :
Un débit lent (il s’accélère avec le stress) accompagné de courtes pauses.
Une intensité suffisante permettant aux auditeurs du fond d’entendre distinctement.
Une intonation mélodique caractérisée par des variations de hauteur.
Un timbre grave et pausé.
La communication non verbale.
Le contact visuel . Garder un contact visuel sur le public afin qu’il se sente concerné. Evitez de regarder toujours la même personne, faites circuler votre regard dans l’assemblée, notamment au fond.
La gestion de tics . Nous avons tous des tics de comportement à cause du stress. Identifiez-les lors de votre préparation et corrigez-les.
La gestion de l’erreur . Il faut savoir accepter les erreurs, les trous de mémoires, les hésitations. Excusez vous succinctement et reprenez le fil de votre discours.
Adopter une attitude équilibrée , ni trop rigide, ni trop mobile.
La télécommande/pointeur laser . Certains gadgets peuvent vous aider à améliorer votre présentation, pour moins de 20 euros.
Pointeur laser : il permet de cibler un point précis de l’écran pour orienter le regard de l’audience. Si vous tremblez, vous pouvez stabiliser votre bras en plaçant votre coude au corps ou en le reposant sur le pupitre. Vous pouvez aussi réaliser des petits mouvements circulaires autour de l’élément visé afin de limiter le tremblement.
Télécommande : elle vous permet de passer les diapositives sans revenir auprès de votre ordinateur.
3. Déroulement de la présentation
Début de l’intervention
Votre présentation commence à partir du moment où le modérateur vous appelle. Dirigez-vous tranquillement vers le pupitre et installez votre matériel (pointeur, texte).
Démarrez par une formule de politesse. Ex : « Bonjour Mesdames et Messieurs… »
Présentez vous succinctement. Ex : « Je m’appelle Nicolas de Chanaud… »
Présentez le message principal . Ex : « … et je vais vous présenter le résultat de ma thèse sur l’élaboration et l’évaluation d’un site d’eLearning pour l’apprentissage de la recherche en médecine générale. »
Les remerciements peuvent être gardés pour la fin car ils n’apportent pas d’information supplémentaire.
L’introduction
On retrouve les mêmes étapes que l’introduction d’un article scientifique :
Attention getter : contexte attirant l’attention public.
Need : besoin , justification de la réalisation de l’étude du lien entre le sujet de la présentation et ce que l’auditoire sait déjà.
Task : ce qu’on a fait.
Main message : ce qu’on a démontré.
Preview : aperçu du contenu de la présentation.
Transition avec la partie suivante : petite phrase pour introduire la suite de la présentation.
3 exemples :
[gview file= »https://lepcam.fr/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/ECS-03-02-01-Openings.pdf »]
Le corps
C’est la partie la plus importante.
Si vous présentez un travail de recherche sous la forme IMRAD (la majorité des cas), reprenez la structure d’un article scientifique :
Matériel et méthode
Résultats
Discussion
transition vers la conclusion : petite phrase pour résumer le corps et passer à la conclusion
Conclusion
Cette dernière partie se décompose en 3 points :
Résumé des principaux résultats que vous voulez que les auditeurs retiennent.
Conclusion avec discussion et mise en perspective.
Phrase de conclusion relié à la 1ère phrase (attention getter ) et encouragement à poser des questions. La dernière diapositive sera accompagnée d’une formule de politesse (Ex : « Merci de votre attention ») et de votre email si vous le souhaitez.
3 exemples :
[gview file= »https://lepcam.fr/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/ECS-03-04-01-Closings.pdf »]
Les questions
La séance des questions peut être la partie la plus stressante pour le présentateur. En cas de présentation dans une autre langue (souvent l’anglais), vous pouvez vous faire aider d’un confrère qui traduira les questions mal comprises.
Les questions sont importantes car elles permettent de renforcer le message principal, de corriger les incompréhensions et d’apporter des informations supplémentaires.
Lorsqu’on vous pose une question, prenez soin de bien l’écouter afin de bien la comprendre. Ne vous précipitez pas de répondre, vous pouvez vous donner quelques instants de réflexion permettant de construire une réponse. Le public aura aussi besoin de quelques secondes pour bien l’intégrer.
Vous pouvez remercier l’auditeur pour sa question.
N’hésitez pas à reprendre la question en une phrase pour être sûr de l’avoir bien comprise et pour la répéter pour ceux qui ne l’auraient pas entendues.
Vos réponses doivent être courtes et directes.
Si vous ne pouvez pas répondre à la question , il est préférable de l’avouer et de proposer d’en discuter après la séance. Cela évitera de donner une mauvaise réponse ou une réponse confuse donnant une mauvaise image de votre travail.
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