Définition : Démarche scientifique permettant de localiser, analyser et synthétiser (ou intégrer) les connaissances relatives à une question ou un champ particulier.
À la fin du 21ème siècle, la publication de recherches médicales s’est accrue de manière exponentielle. Devant l’accumulation de ce savoir, il a fallu développer des méthodes de synthèse. Il en existe de nombreuses en fonction de la nature des données des études (qualitatif/quantitatif) et de la nature des méthodes (agrégative, interprétative, mixte).
Vous trouvez ci-dessous un résumé des principales méthodes inspiré d’un livre québécois :
Méthodes agrégatives :
Quantitative : à l’aide de méta-analyse , on combine les résultats statistiques de plusieurs études.
Qualitative :
par une analyse comparative qualitative ou l’approche de Bayes, on procède à une conversion des données qualitatives en quantitatives.
Par la méthode du méta-sommaire qualitatif , on extrait les résultats, on les regroupe en catégories conceptuelles puis on calcule des fréquences et des intensités.
Méthodes interprétatives :
Quantitative : la synthèse narrative . On organise les études en catégories logiques, on les décrit puis on synthétise les résultats.
Qualitative : on rassemble les études, on les superpose puis on les analyse à nouveau afin d’obtenir de nouvelles idées conceptuelles, de nouvelles explications théoriques ou une nouvelle interprétation d’un phénomène.
Méta-analyse qualitative :
Méta-étude
Méta-synthèse qualitative
Méta-ethnographie
Méthodes mixtes :
Ces études combinent au sein d’une même étude, des données qualitatives et quantitatives.
Synthèse multi-niveau
Synthèse parallèle
Mixed-methods systematic review
Synthèse réaliste
Quel type de revue de synthèse ?
A. Revue systématique
Définition : rassemblement, évaluation et synthèse des résultats des investigations initiales soulevant un problème ou un sujet particulier et utilisant un protocole structuré et rigoureux .
Anglais : systematic review
Le but d’une revue systématique est un résumé qualitatif complet et exhaustif de la littérature concernant une question de recherche.
Ne pas confondre avec :
Méta-analyse : elle donne un résultat quantitatif global des études sélectionnées
Revue par les pairs (peer review) : analyse critique de travaux de recherche par des pairs
La Cochrane collaboration est un regroupement de plus de 30 000 professionnels de santé qui dirige des revues systématiques dans tous les domaines de la santé. C’est le principal journal des revues systématiques.
Elle a rédigé un guide pour la réalisation des revues systématiques et propose 8 grandes étapes :
Définition de la question de recherche et des critères d’inclusion des études
Récupérer les études
Sélectionner les études et recueillir les données
Évaluer le risque de biais dans les études
Analyser les données (et réaliser la méta-analyse)
Évaluer les biais de la revue systématique
Présenter les résultats et les tableaux
Interpréter les résultats et en tirer des conclusions.
NB : En partenariat avec la Cochrane France, le Département de Médecine Générale de l’Université Paris Descartes sélectionne et traduit tous les mois les résumés pertinents pour les médecins généralistes.
La qualité d’une analyse systématique peut être évaluée grâce à la grille PRISMA accessible sur le site d’equator-ntwork.org en anglais ou en français .
Définition : technique statistique qui résume les résultats de plusieurs études en une seule estimation , ce qui donne plus de poids aux résultats des grandes études .
Objectif :
Localiser et synthétiser les données quantitatives issues de la littérature de recherche disponible à un moment donné, sur un problème particulier, d’une part, et à analyser les tendances centrales et les variations des résultats d’un ensemble d’études en corrigeant les erreurs et les biais des études individuelles, d’autre part .
Principales questions de recherche :
Déterminer la tendance centrale ou la distribution d’une variable. Ex. : Taux de diabétiques suivis uniquement par leur médecin généraliste.
Déterminer la force et la direction de l’association entre 2 variables. Ex. : Corrélation entre le MMSE (Mini-Mental Statement Evaluation) et le risque de décès dans l’année.
Synthétiser les effets de plusieurs interventions. Ex. : Impact des règles hygiéno-diététiques dans la morbimortalité cardiovasculaire.
Explorer les facteurs associés à la variation des effets des interventions. Ex. : Examiner si le taux de réussite du sevrage alcoolique varie en fonction caractéristique des patients et de leur médecin traitant ainsi que de la structure (ambulatoire ou hospitalière) qui le prend en charge.
Avantages et inconvénients :
Avantages :
Augmentation de la puissance statistique
Permet une synthèse des différents effets associés à une intervention précise.
Permet d’explorer les éléments (population, intervention, conditions…) les plus associés à la réussite d’une intervention.
Diminue le risque de biais et d’erreur des études
Inconvénient :
Comparaison d’études trop hétérogènes
Agrégation de résultats d’études dont la qualité méthodologique est différente .
Biais de publication : la méta-analyse inclut surtout des études publiées qui sont plus susceptibles d’avoir des résultats significatifs. Intérêt de consulter la littérature grise et de réaliser un funnel plot .
Si une étude de mauvaise qualité donne pour résultats plusieurs variables dépendantes, cette multiplicité de données non indépendante risque de biaiser l’interprétation des résultats de la méta-analyse.
Principales étapes : identiques à celle proposée par la Cochrane.
C. Synthèse en recherche qualitative
Se référer au chapitre correspondant.
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onText%22%3A%22SNDS%22%2C%22annotationComment%22%3A%22%22%2C%22annotationColor%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22annotationPageLabel%22%3A%221%22%2C%22annotationSortIndex%22%3A%2200000%7C002106%7C00639%22%2C%22annotationPosition%22%3A%22%7B%5C%22pageIndex%5C%22%3A0%2C%5C%22rects%5C%22%3A%5B%5B359.939%2C144.006%2C381.872%2C151.838%5D%5D%7D%22%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-09-24T08%3A41%3A30Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
1.
13.4% of participants fell within the KDIGO 2012 moderate risk CKD, 0.9–5.6% within the high-risk group and 0.3–4.8% within the very high-risk group.
1.
Orlandi PF, Huang J, Fukagawa M, et al. A collaborative, individual-level analysis compared longitudinal outcomes across the International Network of Chronic Kidney Disease (iNETCKD) cohorts. Kidney Int. 2019;96:1217–33.
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Fig. 3 Prevalence of each KDIGO 2012 category in general population samples.
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Applying KDIGO criteria, 450 (50%) were defined as moderate risk, 86 (10%) high risk and 69 (8%) very high risk. 33% did not have a uACR recorded to determine risk.
1.
905 patients met the inclusion criteria (6% of the population).
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Primary Care software to extract data.
1.
Introducing a Cardiovascular Renal Metabolic Service to Optimise the Management of Chronic Kidney Disease in Primary Care. An Interface Project.
1.
Linden P, Leonard N, Conlan J. Introducing a Cardiovascular Renal Metabolic Service to Optimise the Management of Chronic Kidney Disease in Primary Care. An Interface Project. | International Journal of Integrated Care. 2025 Apr 9 [cited 2025 Sept 24]; Available from:
https://ijic.org/articles/10.5334/ijic.ICIC24496
1.
public and private facilities.
1.
Risk profile, quality of life and care of patients with moderate and advanced CKD: The French CKD-REIN Cohort Study.
1.
Overall distribution according to KDIGO 2012 risk groups showed 7.4% at low or moderate, 15.8% at high and 65.5% at very high risk, while 11.2% were unclassified due to missing albuminuria (Figure 1.
1.
23. Stengel B, Metzger M, Combe C, et al. Risk profile, quality of life and care of patients with moderate and advanced CKD: the French CKD-REIN Cohort Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2019;34:277–86.
1.
participants fell within the KDIGO 2012 lowrisk group, 3.7–13.4% within the moderately increased risk group, 0.9–5.6% within the highrisk group and 0.3–4.8% within the very highrisk group.
1.
ost fell within the KDIGO 2012 low-risk or moderate-risk groups, with 0.9–5.6% in the high-risk and 0.3–4.8% in the very high-risk groups.
1.
revalence of CKD (GFR categories G3–5), ranging from 2% to 17%.
1.
Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease by KDIGO Categories of Glomerular Filtration Rate and Albuminuria: A Systematic Review.
1.
CKD stage at first qualifying eGFR measurement.
1.
testing within 6 months of CKD diagnosis.
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6529 patients with CKD (18.4%) received follow-up urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR.
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With Diabetes and Hypertension (n = 14 859 [32.2%]).
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With Diabetes (n = 6770 [14.7%]).
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6770 (14.7%) had diabetes without hypertension, 16 930 (36.7%) had hypertension only, and 14 859 (32.2%) had both diabetes and hypertension.
1.
6 162 patients (mean [SD] age, 69.2 [14.0] years; 25 855 [56.0%] female) from primary care practices.
1.
Only 6529 patients (18.4%) with CKD received a urine albumin test within 6 months of CKD diagnosis,.
1.
46 162 patients (mean [SD] age, 69.2 [14.0].
1.
Quality of Chronic Kidney Disease Management in Canadian Primary Care.
1.
Electronic medical record.
1.
• The estimated prevalence of CKD in France at 8%–10% is close to that expected.
1.
n France, the MONALISA study using three representative cross-sectional surveys in subjects aged 35–74.9 years estimated the CKD prevalence at 8.2% (95% CI, 7.4–8.9%).
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18% of individuals treated for diabetes.
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in the ‘certain’ group, 68 years.
1.
The median age was 67 years.
1.
n 2021, representing an estimated prevalence in the general population increasing from 8.1% to 10.5%.
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RENALGO-EXPERT algorithm identified 4.5% of the volunteers in the CONSTANCES as CKD.
1.
the estimated prevalence in the SNDS increased from 8.1% to 10.5%.
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