{"id":915,"date":"2016-05-01T18:48:45","date_gmt":"2016-05-01T17:48:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lepcam.fr\/?page_id=915"},"modified":"2019-10-03T09:02:53","modified_gmt":"2019-10-03T08:02:53","slug":"bivariee","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/bivariee\/","title":{"rendered":"Analyse des r\u00e9sultats (4)"},"content":{"rendered":"<hr \/>\n<h1 id=\"a_bi\">IV. Analyse bivari\u00e9e<\/h1>\n<h2 id=\"rr\">A. Le risque relatif\u00a0et l\u2019odds ratio<\/h2>\n<p>Permet d\u2019\u00e9valuer la d\u00e9pendance entre 2 variables qualitatives binaires.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Tableau de contingence\u00a0:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>On utilise ce tableau pour se repr\u00e9senter les donn\u00e9es.<\/li>\n<li>On a 2 variables qualitatives binaires\n<ul>\n<li>Maladie\u00a0: positif (malade) ou n\u00e9gatif (sain). C\u2019est l\u2019\u00e9v\u00e9nement.<\/li>\n<li>Exposition\u00a0: positif(expos\u00e9) ou n\u00e9gatif (non expos\u00e9). C\u2019est le facteur d\u2019exposition.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>On a 4 modalit\u00e9s observ\u00e9es\u00a0:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>a\u00a0: malade qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 expos\u00e9<\/li>\n<li>b\u00a0: sain qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 expos\u00e9<\/li>\n<li>c\u00a0: malade qui n\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 expos\u00e9<\/li>\n<li>d\u00a0: sain qui n\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 expos\u00e9<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"80\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">M+<\/td>\n<td width=\"76\">M-<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"80\">expos\u00e9s<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">a<\/td>\n<td width=\"76\">b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"80\">non-expos\u00e9s<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">c<\/td>\n<td width=\"76\">d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Le risque relatif RR\u00a0:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>D\u00e9finition\u00a0: risque de survenue d\u2019un \u00e9v\u00e9nement (malade) dans un groupe expos\u00e9 \u00e0 un facteur d\u2019exposition par rapport \u00e0 un autre groupe non expos\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li>Anglais\u00a0: <em>relative risk, R.R.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Utilis\u00e9 dans les \u00e9tudes de cohorte.<\/li>\n<li>Calcul\u00a0: RR = [a\/(a+b)] \/ [c\/(c+d)]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>L\u2019odds ratio OR\u00a0:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>D\u00e9finition\u00a0: rapport de la cote d\u2019exposition chez les sujets ayant pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 l\u2019\u00e9v\u00e9nement (malade) et ceux ne l\u2019ayant pas pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 (non malade).<\/li>\n<li>Anglais\u00a0:<em> odds ratio<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Synonyme\u00a0: rapport des cotes, rapport des chances<\/li>\n<li>Utilis\u00e9 dans les \u00e9tudes cas-t\u00e9moins.<\/li>\n<li>Calcul\u00a0: OR = [a\/c] \/ [b\/d] = ad\/bc<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Interpr\u00e9tation\u00a0<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ces 2 indices s\u2019interpr\u00e8tent de la m\u00eame fa\u00e7on.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Intervalle de variation\u00a0: [0 \u00e0 +\u221e [<\/li>\n<li>Si =1, pas de d\u00e9pendance<\/li>\n<li>Si &lt;1, association n\u00e9gative, <strong>facteur protecteur<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Si &gt; 1, association positive, <strong>facteur de risque<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Toujours interpr\u00e9ter en fonction de l\u2019<strong>IC\u00a0<\/strong><span class=\"mceItemHidden\"><span class=\"mceItemHidden\"><span class=\"hiddenSpellError\">(Intervalle de Confiance)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Avantage du RR par rapport \u00e0 l\u2019OR<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>On peut donner <strong>une traduction litt\u00e9rale, une interpr\u00e9tation intuitive<\/strong> au RR mais pas de l\u2019OR.<\/li>\n<li><em>Par ex\u00a0: un RR \u00e9gale \u00e0 2 signifie que la population expos\u00e9e a 2 fois plus de risque de pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 l\u2019\u00e9v\u00e9nement que la population non expos\u00e9e. Un OR \u00e9gale \u00e0 2 n\u2019aura pas de traduction litt\u00e9rale.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Comment passer de l\u2019OR au RR\u00a0?<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Dans les \u00e9tudes <strong>cas t\u00e9moins<\/strong>, la <strong>pr\u00e9valence d\u2019un \u00e9v\u00e9nement<\/strong> (la maladie \u00e9tudi\u00e9e souvent) ne correspond pas \u00e0 la <strong>pr\u00e9valence dans la population g\u00e9n\u00e9rale <\/strong>car elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 mesur\u00e9e dans un \u00e9chantillon s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li>Lorsque la pr\u00e9valence de la maladie dans la population g\u00e9n\u00e9rale est <strong>rare<\/strong> (&lt; 5-10%), on peut <strong>approximer l\u2019OR par le RR.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Dans les \u00e9tudes de <strong>cohorte<\/strong>, la pr\u00e9valence de l\u2019\u00e9v\u00e9nement correspond \u00e0 celle de la population g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, <strong>on peut utiliser le RR.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cas particulier des variables censur\u00e9es :<strong> le rapport des risques instantan\u00e9s<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Exercice <a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/DB5C4A4892C17EDED4965223B103C9B2\/Download.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"intertitre\">Prescrire :\u00a0B.A.-BA n\u00b02 : \u00ab\u00a0Diff\u00e9rence des risques absolus, risque relatif, variation relative du risque, nombre de patients \u00e0 traiter (NNT)\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"hr\">B. Le rapport des risques instantan\u00e9s (Hazard ratio)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>D\u00e9finition\u00a0: risque de mourir (variable censur\u00e9e) si on est expos\u00e9 \u00e0 un facteur d\u2019exposition (variable qualitative binaire) \u00e0 un moment donn\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li>Anglais\u00a0: <em>Hazard Ration, HR<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Calcul\u00a0: \u00e0 partir du mod\u00e8le de Cox.\u00a0Il correspond au rapport des risques instantan\u00e9s dans le groupe trait\u00e9 \u00a0divis\u00e9 par le risque dans le groupe contr\u00f4le.<\/li>\n<li>Interpr\u00e9tation\u00a0:\u00a0<strong>Il<\/strong> <strong>s\u2019interpr\u00e8te comme le RR<\/strong>\u00a0mais a la particularit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00eatre<strong> variable dans le temps.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.minerva-ebm.be\/FR\/GetPdf\/1271\">Exemple\u00a0ici<\/a>\u00a0<span class=\"zp-InText-zp-ID--1093634-7VTQEQU2--wp915 zp-InText-Citation loading\" rel=\"{ 'pages': 'np', 'items': '{1093634:7VTQEQU2}', 'format': '(%num%)', 'brackets': '', 'etal': '', 'separator': '', 'and': '' }\"><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"pearson\">C. Coefficient de corr\u00e9lation de Pearson<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>D\u00e9finition\u00a0: mesure de l\u2019intensit\u00e9 de la relation entre 2 variables quantitatives et de son sens lorsque cette relation est monotone.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Condition<\/strong> d\u2019application\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Distribution normale<\/li>\n<li>Variables quantitatives continues<\/li>\n<li>Pas de valeurs extr\u00eames<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Calcul\u00a0<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>R(X,Y) = Cov(X,Y)\/ox.oy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"626\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/uni\/r\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/r.png?fit=555%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"555,300\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"pearson\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/r.png?fit=555%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-626 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/r.png?resize=555%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"pearson\" width=\"555\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/r.png?w=555&amp;ssl=1 555w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/r.png?resize=300%2C162&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 555px) 100vw, 555px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Interpr\u00e9tation\u00a0<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>Compris entre -1 et +1<\/li>\n<li>Le <strong>signe<\/strong> de <em>r<\/em> indique le <strong>sens<\/strong> de la relation\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>&#8211;\u00a0: n\u00e9gative<\/li>\n<li>+\u00a0: positive<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>La <strong>valeur<\/strong> absolue de <em>r<\/em> indique <strong>l\u2019intensit\u00e9<\/strong> de la relation, de la capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 pr\u00e9dire la valeur de la 2<sup>\u00e8me<\/sup> variable lorsque l\u2019on conna\u00eet la valeur de la 1<sup>\u00e8re<\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>0\u00a0: nulle<\/li>\n<li>0,5\u00a0: faible<\/li>\n<li>0,75\u00a0: moyenne<\/li>\n<li>0,9\u00a0: forte<\/li>\n<li>1\u00a0: parfaite<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Significativit\u00e9<\/strong> de la corr\u00e9lation\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Le calcul du coefficient de corr\u00e9lation ne constitue que la 1<sup>\u00e8re<\/sup> \u00e9tape pour analyser la relation entre 2 variables. Cette \u00e9tape exploratoire doit \u00eatre valid\u00e9e par un test de significativit\u00e9. Il faut s\u2019assurer que cette corr\u00e9lation n\u2019est pas due au hasard.<\/li>\n<li>On fixe l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se H0\u00a0: il n\u2019y a pas de relation entre les 2 variables.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Absence de biais\u00a0<\/strong>: on peut obtenir un r\u00e9sultat biais\u00e9 qui sera significatif math\u00e9matiquement mais faux en r\u00e9alit\u00e9.\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Influence d\u2019une valeur exceptionnelle\u00a0<\/strong>: dans cet exemple, la valeur exceptionnelle va permettre d\u2019obtenir une corr\u00e9lation positive alors que d\u2019apr\u00e8s le graphique elle est n\u00e9gative.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Embo\u00eetement des relations et composantes d\u2019\u00e9chelle\u00a0<\/strong>: dans cet exemple, il existe bien une relation positive mais lorsqu\u2019on regarde les 3 sous-populations, on observe\u00a0qu\u2019il existe une relation n\u00e9gative. Il existe une composante d\u2019\u00e9chelle (population\/sous-population) dans la relation observ\u00e9e avec des conclusions variables en fonction de l\u2019\u00e9chantillon consid\u00e9r\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conclusion erron\u00e9e sur l\u2019absence de relation\u00a0<\/strong>: il existe bien une relation (non-lin\u00e9aire et non-monotone) alors que <em>r<\/em> = 0.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"tiled-gallery type-rectangular tiled-gallery-unresized\" data-original-width=\"629\" data-carousel-extra='{&quot;blog_id&quot;:1,&quot;permalink&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/lepcam.fr\\\/index.php\\\/les-etapes\\\/bivariee\\\/&quot;,&quot;likes_blog_id&quot;:107895041}' itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageGallery\" > <div class=\"gallery-row\" style=\"width: 629px; height: 413px;\" data-original-width=\"629\" data-original-height=\"413\" > <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 414px; height: 413px;\" data-original-width=\"414\" data-original-height=\"413\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/uni\/r-et-valeur-exceptionnelle\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"410\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"409\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"897\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/r-et-valeur-exceptionnelle-e1462114194640.png\" data-orig-size=\"285,284\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"r et valeur exceptionnelle\" data-image-description=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/r-et-valeur-exceptionnelle-e1462114194640.png?fit=300%2C215&#038;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/r-et-valeur-exceptionnelle-e1462114194640.png?fit=285%2C284&#038;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/r-et-valeur-exceptionnelle-e1462114194640.png?w=410&#038;h=409&#038;ssl=1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/r-et-valeur-exceptionnelle-e1462114194640.png?w=285&amp;ssl=1 285w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/r-et-valeur-exceptionnelle-e1462114194640.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/r-et-valeur-exceptionnelle-e1462114194640.png?resize=88%2C88&amp;ssl=1 88w\" width=\"410\" height=\"409\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"410\" data-original-height=\"409\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"r et valeur exceptionnelle\" alt=\"Valeur exceptionnelle\" style=\"width: 410px; height: 409px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Valeur exceptionnelle <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <div class=\"gallery-group images-2\" style=\"width: 215px; height: 413px;\" data-original-width=\"215\" data-original-height=\"413\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-small\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/uni\/r-et-echelle\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"211\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"203\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"896\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/r-et-echelle-e1462114230494.png\" data-orig-size=\"299,288\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"r et echelle\" data-image-description=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/r-et-echelle-e1462114230494.png?fit=300%2C153&#038;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/r-et-echelle-e1462114230494.png?fit=299%2C288&#038;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/r-et-echelle-e1462114230494.png?w=211&#038;h=203&#038;ssl=1\" width=\"211\" height=\"203\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"211\" data-original-height=\"203\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"r et echelle\" alt=\"Composante d&#039;\u00e9chelle\" style=\"width: 211px; height: 203px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Composante d&rsquo;\u00e9chelle <\/div> <\/div> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-small\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/uni\/r-et-u\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"211\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"202\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"628\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/r-et-U-e1462114250481.png\" data-orig-size=\"296,283\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"r et U\" data-image-description=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/r-et-U-e1462114250481.png?fit=300%2C281&#038;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/r-et-U-e1462114250481.png?fit=296%2C283&#038;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/r-et-U-e1462114250481.png?w=211&#038;h=202&#038;ssl=1\" width=\"211\" height=\"202\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"211\" data-original-height=\"202\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"r et U\" alt=\"Courbe en U\" style=\"width: 211px; height: 202px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Courbe en U <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <\/div> <!-- close row --> <\/div>\n<h2 id=\"spearman\">D. Coefficient de corr\u00e9lation de Spearman<\/h2>\n<p>Ce coefficient est identique \u00e0 celui de Pearson, sauf qu\u2019il s\u2019applique lorsqu\u2019on ne peut pas utiliser Pearson. Il s\u2019interpr\u00e8te de la m\u00eame fa\u00e7on.<\/p>\n<p>Synonyme\u00a0: coefficient de corr\u00e9lation de rang<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Quand l\u2019utiliser\u00a0?\n<ul>\n<li>Distribution non normale des variables<\/li>\n<li>Coefficient de Pearson semble influenc\u00e9 par des valeurs extr\u00eames<\/li>\n<li>Variables qualitatives<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>E. Coefficient de corr\u00e9lation intraclasse<\/h2>\n<p><em>Il permet d\u2019\u00e9valuer la concordance entre 2 variables quantitatives. Il permet de d\u00e9terminer si la variation des mesures est d\u00fb au hasard ou pas.<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Calcul : via un logiciel statistique<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Interpr\u00e9tation\u00a0:\u00a0?<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>En cours de r\u00e9daction&#8230;<\/em><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"bland\">F. Diagramme de Bland \u2013 Altman<\/h2>\n<p>Ce diagramme permet d\u2019\u00e9valuer la concordance entre 2 instruments qui mesurent une m\u00eame variable quantitative.<\/p>\n<p><em>Ex\u00a0: 2 glucom\u00e8tres<\/em><\/p>\n<div class=\"tiled-gallery type-rectangular tiled-gallery-unresized\" data-original-width=\"629\" data-carousel-extra='{&quot;blog_id&quot;:1,&quot;permalink&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/lepcam.fr\\\/index.php\\\/les-etapes\\\/bivariee\\\/&quot;,&quot;likes_blog_id&quot;:107895041}' itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageGallery\" > <div class=\"gallery-row\" style=\"width: 629px; height: 560px;\" data-original-width=\"629\" data-original-height=\"560\" > <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 629px; height: 560px;\" data-original-width=\"629\" data-original-height=\"560\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/uni\/bland-altman\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"625\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"556\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"603\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/bland-altman-e1462376589938.png\" data-orig-size=\"1268,1127\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"bland altman\" data-image-description=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/bland-altman-e1462376589938.png?fit=300%2C267&#038;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/bland-altman-e1462376589938.png?fit=629%2C559&#038;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/bland-altman-e1462376589938.png?w=625&#038;h=556&#038;ssl=1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/bland-altman-e1462376589938.png?w=1268&amp;ssl=1 1268w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/bland-altman-e1462376589938.png?resize=300%2C267&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/bland-altman-e1462376589938.png?resize=1024%2C910&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/bland-altman-e1462376589938.png?resize=900%2C800&amp;ssl=1 900w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/bland-altman-e1462376589938.png?resize=600%2C533&amp;ssl=1 600w\" width=\"625\" height=\"556\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"625\" data-original-height=\"556\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"bland altman\" alt=\"Diagramme de Bland Altman\" style=\"width: 625px; height: 556px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Diagramme de Bland Altman <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <\/div> <!-- close row --> <\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Construction<\/strong>\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Abscisse\u00a0:\u00a0valeur moyenne entre les 2 instruments pour chaque sujet.<\/li>\n<li>Ordonn\u00e9e\u00a0: diff\u00e9rence entre les 2 mesures pour chaque sujet.<\/li>\n<li>Limites d\u2019agr\u00e9ment (<em>limits of agreement)<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>Calcul d\u00a0: diff\u00e9rence moyenne<\/li>\n<li>Calcul sdd\u00a0: \u00e9cart-type des diff\u00e9rences<\/li>\n<li>Calcul limite inf\u00e9rieur et sup\u00e9rieur (intervalle de confiance \u00e0 95%)\u00a0: d \u00b1 2sdd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Interpr\u00e9tation<\/strong>\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>d\u00a0: moyenne des diff\u00e9rences.<\/strong>\u00a0Il nous indique si un instrument tend \u00e0 donner des mesures syst\u00e9matiquement trop basses ou trop \u00e9lev\u00e9es. Il peut \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme la mesure du biais entre les 2 instruments.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Limites d\u2019agr\u00e9ment\u00a0<\/strong>: 95% de nos diff\u00e9rences de mesure se situeront entre d \u00b1 2 sdd. On ne peut pas faire de test statistique sur un graphique de Bland-Altman, il faut donc se demander quelle diff\u00e9rence de mesure entre les 2 instruments est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme acceptable\u00a0?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Int\u00e9r\u00eat<\/strong>\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Donne la <strong>dispersion <\/strong>des variables pour l\u2019ensemble du spectre des moyennes.<\/li>\n<li>Donne le <strong>biais\u00a0<\/strong>: diff\u00e9rence moyenne entre les mesures par les 2 tests.<\/li>\n<li>Permet de rep\u00e9rer si le test est <strong>plus performant pour une valeur particuli\u00e8re.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Pas de gold standard.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Limite<\/strong>\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Pas de test statistique<\/strong>, p non calculable.<\/li>\n<li>Il faut fixer quelle diff\u00e9rence de mesure entre les 2 instruments para\u00eet acceptable.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pourquoi <strong>ne peut-on pas utiliser<\/strong> le coefficient de corr\u00e9lation de <strong>Pearson<\/strong> pour \u00e9tablir la concordance entre 2 instruments\u00a0?\n<ul>\n<li>On ne veut pas uniquement savoir si ces valeurs sont corr\u00e9l\u00e9es, on veut aussi savoir si les mesures sont identiques.<\/li>\n<li>Bland-Altman indique la diff\u00e9rence syst\u00e9matique entre les 2 mesures (d).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Dans cet exemple issu du CRCHUM<span class=\"zp-InText-zp-ID--1093634-2WG46AB8--wp915 zp-InText-Citation loading\" rel=\"{ 'pages': 'np', 'items': '{1093634:2WG46AB8}', 'format': '(%num%)', 'brackets': '', 'etal': '', 'separator': '', 'and': '' }\"><\/span><\/em><em>, la corr\u00e9lation entre les 2 instruments est tr\u00e8s bonne (0,9) mais le graphique de Bland-Altman nous indique que la concordance entre les instruments de gauche est mauvaise avec d = 2 alors que la concordance avec les instruments de droite est bonne avec d = 0.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Ainsi pour une valeur du coefficient de Pearson identique, on obtiendra une concordance de test diff\u00e9rente.<\/em><br \/>\n<img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"604\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/uni\/bland-pearson\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/bland-pearson.png?fit=1232%2C1128&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1232,1128\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"bland pearson\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/bland-pearson.png?fit=629%2C576&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-604\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/bland-pearson-1024x938.png?resize=629%2C576&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"bland pearson\" width=\"629\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/bland-pearson.png?resize=1024%2C938&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/bland-pearson.png?resize=300%2C275&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/bland-pearson.png?resize=900%2C824&amp;ssl=1 900w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/bland-pearson.png?w=1232&amp;ssl=1 1232w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 629px) 100vw, 629px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"kappa\">G. Coefficient Kappa<\/h2>\n<p>Il permet d\u2019\u00e9valuer la concordance entre 2 variables qualitatives ayant les m\u00eames modalit\u00e9s. Il permet de d\u00e9terminer si la variation des mesures est due au hasard ou pas.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Calcul\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Kappa = (concordance observ\u00e9e \u2013 concordance due au hasard)\/(1 \u2013 concordance due au hasard)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Interpr\u00e9tation\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Kappa n\u2019est <strong>pas un test statistique.<\/strong> Il fournit un indicateur num\u00e9rique de ce que l\u2019on cherche \u00e0 mesurer mais son interpr\u00e9tation reste subjective. On peut s\u2019aider du tableau suivant\u00a0:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u03ba<\/td>\n<td>concordance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1,00 \u2013 0,81<\/td>\n<td>Excellente<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>0,80 \u2013 0,61<\/td>\n<td>Satisfaisante<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>0,60 \u2013 0,41<\/td>\n<td>Moyenne<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>0,40 \u2013 0,21<\/td>\n<td>Faible<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>0,20 \u2013 0,00<\/td>\n<td>Tr\u00e8s faible<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&lt; 0<\/td>\n<td>Grand d\u00e9saccord<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li>Intervalle\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Compris entre &#8211; 1 et 1<\/li>\n<li>&lt; 0\u00a0: d\u00e9saccord total<\/li>\n<li>0\u00a0: aucune concordance<\/li>\n<li>1\u00a0: concordance parfaite<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Bien que ces valeurs soient arbitraires, on estime qu\u2019il doit \u00eatre &gt; 0,8 dans les \u00e9tudes m\u00e9dicales.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"sn_sp\">H. Sensibilit\u00e9, sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9, VPP, VPN, RV, courbe ROC<\/h2>\n<p>Ces mesures permettent d\u2019\u00e9valuer la concordance entre 2 variables qualitatives binaires.<\/p>\n<p>En pratique, on les retrouve dans les\u00a0\u00e9tudes diagnostiques.<\/p>\n<p>La performance peut se d\u00e9composer en 2 cat\u00e9gories\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Performance <strong>intrins\u00e8que\u00a0<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>D\u00e9finition\u00a0: c\u2019est la <strong>capacit\u00e9 informative propre du test<\/strong>, ne d\u00e9pendant pas de la pr\u00e9valence de la maladie.<\/li>\n<li>On l\u2019estime gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la <strong>sensibilit\u00e9<\/strong> (Sn), la <strong>sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9<\/strong> (Sp), le <strong>rapport de vraisemblance<\/strong> <strong>positif<\/strong> (RVP) et <strong>n\u00e9gatif<\/strong> (RVN).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Performance <strong>extrins\u00e8que\u00a0<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>D\u00e9finition\u00a0: c\u2019est la capacit\u00e9 informative du test en fonction de ses caract\u00e9ristiques intrins\u00e8que et un contexte d\u2019utilisation (la <strong>pr\u00e9valence\u00a0<\/strong>= probabilit\u00e9 pr\u00e9-test).<\/li>\n<li>On l\u2019estime gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la <strong>valeur pr\u00e9dictive positive<\/strong> (VPP) et <strong>n\u00e9gative<\/strong> (VPN), c&rsquo;est la probabilit\u00e9 post-test.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Tableau de contingence<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>On va d\u00e9terminer si notre test a de bonne capacit\u00e9 discriminante M-\/M+. Ces indicateurs sont assez th\u00e9oriques car on ne prend pas en compte le contexte (la pr\u00e9valence).<\/p>\n<p>C\u2019est un tableau \u00e0 double entr\u00e9e permettant d\u2019estimer la d\u00e9pendance entre 2 caract\u00e8res. Ici, on choisit comme variable le statut malade (M+ ou M-) et le r\u00e9sultat du test (T+ ou T-).<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"28\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"28\">T+<\/td>\n<td width=\"28\">T-<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"28\">M+<\/td>\n<td width=\"28\">VP<\/td>\n<td width=\"28\">FN<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"28\">M-<\/td>\n<td width=\"28\">FP<\/td>\n<td width=\"28\">VN<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Ce tableau nous permet de d\u00e9terminer 4 cat\u00e9gories de sujets\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>VP\u00a0: Vrai Positif. Sujet malade ayant le test positif.<\/li>\n<li>FN\u00a0: Faux N\u00e9gatif. Sujet malade ayant le test n\u00e9gatif.<\/li>\n<li>FP\u00a0: Faux Positif. Sujet sain ayant le test n\u00e9gatif.<\/li>\n<li>VN\u00a0: Vrai N\u00e9gatif. Sujet sain ayant le test n\u00e9gatif.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pour qu\u2019un test diagnostique soit de bonne qualit\u00e9, il faut obtenir des\u00a0VP et VN \u00e9lev\u00e9es\u00a0et des\u00a0FP et FP faibles. On va pouvoir \u00e9tudier la relation entre ces 4 cat\u00e9gories gr\u00e2ce au calcul de diff\u00e9rents param\u00e8tres.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"sn\">1. Sensibilit\u00e9 et sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sensibilit\u00e9\u00a0<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>D\u00e9finition\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Capacit\u00e9 d&rsquo;un diagnostic ou d&rsquo;un test de d\u00e9pistage \u00e0 identifier correctement des individus affect\u00e9s par une maladie ou par un probl\u00e8me de sant\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li>La sensibilit\u00e9 d&rsquo;un test correspond \u00e0 la probabilit\u00e9 que le test soit positif chez les personnes malades = p (T+\/M+)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Calcul\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Sn = VP\/(VP+FN)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>D\u00e9finition\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Capacit\u00e9 d&rsquo;un diagnostic ou d&rsquo;un test de d\u00e9pistage \u00e0 identifier correctement les individus non-affect\u00e9s par une maladie ou par un probl\u00e8me de sant\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li>La sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 d&rsquo;un test correspond \u00e0 la probabilit\u00e9 que le test sera n\u00e9gatif parmi les personnes non-malades = p (T-\/M-)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Calcul\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Sp = VN\/(VN+FP)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"901\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/uni\/se-et-sp\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Se-et-Sp.png?fit=627%2C225&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"627,225\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Se et Sp\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Se-et-Sp.png?fit=627%2C225&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-901 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Se-et-Sp.png?resize=627%2C225&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Se et Sp\" width=\"627\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Se-et-Sp.png?w=627&amp;ssl=1 627w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Se-et-Sp.png?resize=300%2C108&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Se-et-Sp.png?resize=600%2C215&amp;ssl=1 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 627px) 100vw, 627px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Exercice <a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/74CC277EB8A9539A0646EFD856AA6E69\/Download.aspx\">Prescrire : B.A.-BA n\u00b03 : \u00ab\u00a0Sensibilit\u00e9, sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb<\/a><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"roc\">2. Courbe ROC<\/h3>\n<p>D\u00e9finition\u00a0: un outil graphique permettant de repr\u00e9senter la <strong>capacit\u00e9 d&rsquo;un test \u00e0 discriminer<\/strong> entre la population des malades et des non-malades.<\/p>\n<p>En anglais\u00a0: <em>ROC (Receiving Operating Curve)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Objectifs :\n<ul>\n<li>Evaluer la performance globale d\u2019un test diagnostic (\u00e0 variable de r\u00e9ponse quantitative continue).<\/li>\n<li>Comparer 2 tests diagnostiques.<\/li>\n<li>D\u00e9finir le seuil de validit\u00e9 optimal d\u2019un test diagnostique.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Construction<\/strong> de la courbe\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Ordonn\u00e9e\u00a0: taux de Vrai Positif\u00a0= Se = P (T+\/M+)<\/li>\n<li>Abscisse\u00a0: taux de Faux Positif = 1 \u2013 Sp = P (T+\/M-)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ces taux varient en fonction du seuil du test<\/strong> (seuil qui d\u00e9termine si le test est positif ou n\u00e9gative, <em>par ex : valeur seuil du dosage\u00a0du BNP<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li>Dans l&rsquo;illustration ci-dessous, la courbe bleue correspond \u00e0\u00a0la distribution de la variable quantitative dans un groupe <em>(par ex : le taux de BNP chez des sujets sains)<\/em> et la courbe rouge correspond \u00e0 celle dans un autre groupe <em>(par ex : le taux de BNP chez des sujets ayant une insuffisance cardiaque)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"898\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/uni\/roc\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/roc.gif?fit=600%2C236&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"600,236\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"roc\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/roc.gif?fit=600%2C236&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-898\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/roc.gif?resize=600%2C236&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"roc\" width=\"600\" height=\"236\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Interpr\u00e9tation<\/strong>\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Pour \u00e9valuer la <strong>performance d\u20191 test<\/strong>\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>On calcule l\u2019<strong>aire sous la courbe :\u00a0AUC<\/strong>\u00a0(Area Under Curve)<\/li>\n<li>Valeur comprise entre 0,5 et 1<\/li>\n<li>1\u00a0: test parfait<\/li>\n<li>0,5\u00a0: test inutile<\/li>\n<li>En pratique, le test est valable si AUC &gt; 0.7<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Pour <strong>comparer la performance de 2 tests :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>On va comparer les 2 courbes et faire un <strong>test<\/strong> statistique pour d\u00e9terminer s\u2019il existe une diff\u00e9rence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>D\u00e9finir le <strong>seuil de validit\u00e9 optimal<\/strong> d\u2019un test.\n<ul>\n<li>Il correspond au <strong>point d&rsquo;inflexion<\/strong> de la courbe (le plus en haut \u00e0 gauche). Pour une valeur donn\u00e9e, la Se et la Sp seront optimales.<\/li>\n<li>En pratique, on le choisit en fonction de l\u2019objectif du test\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>D\u00e9pistage\u00a0: Se ~ 100% avec meilleur Sp possible. On choisit un point \u00e0 droite<\/li>\n<li>Diagnostic\u00a0: Sp ~ 100% avec meilleur Sn possible. On choisit un point \u00e0 gauche.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Plus le r\u00e9sultat du test est diff\u00e9rent entre les 2 groupes, plus la courbe ROC aura un AUC \u00e9lev\u00e9, plus le test sera discriminant. Dans l&rsquo;illustration ci-dessous, on fait varier le r\u00e9sultat du test dans les 2 groupes et on voit une modification de la courbe ROC. <em>Par ex : le test sera plus discriminant si le taux de\u00a0BNP est de 100 chez les non malades et de 10 000 chez les malades, plut\u00f4t que 500 chez les malades et 550 chez les non-malades.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"899\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/uni\/roc-moyenne\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/ROC-moyenne.gif?fit=600%2C236&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"600,236\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ROC moyenne\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/ROC-moyenne.gif?fit=600%2C236&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-899\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/ROC-moyenne.gif?resize=600%2C236&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"ROC moyenne\" width=\"600\" height=\"236\" \/><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"rv\">3. Rapport de vraisemblance<\/h3>\n<p>D\u00e9finition\u00a0: estimation du rapport entre la probabilit\u00e9 d\u2019avoir un test positif (ou n\u00e9gatif) chez les sujets malades et celui d\u2019avoir un test positif (ou n\u00e9gatif) chez les sujets sains.<\/p>\n<p>Autrement dit, il correspond \u00e0 la <strong>probabilit\u00e9 post test de la maladie par rapport \u00e0 sa pr\u00e9valence.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>En anglais\u00a0: <em>LR , Likelihood Ratio<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Rapport de vraisemblance positif<\/strong> (RVP)\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>D\u00e9finition\u00a0: combien de fois est-il plus vraisemblable d\u2019\u00eatre malade (M+) sachant qu\u2019on a le test positif (T+) ?<\/li>\n<li>Calcul\u00a0: RVP = Se\/(1-Sp)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rapport de vraisemblance n\u00e9gatif<\/strong> (RVN)\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>D\u00e9finition\u00a0: combien de fois est-il plus vraisemblable d\u2019\u00eatre sain (M-) sachant qu\u2019on a le test n\u00e9gatif (T-) ?<\/li>\n<li>Calcul\u00a0: RVN = (1-Se)\/Sp<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"900\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/uni\/nomogramme-fagan\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Nomogramme-Fagan-e1462116459978.png?fit=290%2C507&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"290,507\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Nomogramme Fagan\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Nomogramme-Fagan-e1462116459978.png?fit=290%2C507&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-full wp-image-900 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Nomogramme-Fagan-e1462116459978.png?resize=290%2C507&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Nomogramme Fagan\" width=\"290\" height=\"507\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Nomogramme-Fagan-e1462116459978.png?w=290&amp;ssl=1 290w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Nomogramme-Fagan-e1462116459978.png?resize=172%2C300&amp;ssl=1 172w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 290px) 100vw, 290px\" \/>Nomogramme de Fagan<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>Nomogramme = outil graphique de calcul constitu\u00e9 de courbes gradu\u00e9es entre lesquelles on place une r\u00e8gle. Le r\u00e9sultat de l&rsquo;op\u00e9ration se lit au croisement de la r\u00e8gle et de l&rsquo;une des courbes.<\/li>\n<li>Int\u00e9r\u00eat\u00a0: il permet de calculer la probabilit\u00e9 post-test connaissant le RV et la pr\u00e9valence\u00a0: <strong>p (post-test) = p (pr\u00e9-test) x RV<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Interpr\u00e9tation\u00a0<\/strong>: c\u2019est un ratio qui s\u2019interpr\u00e8te comme un\u00a0RR.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Avantages<\/strong> :\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ind\u00e9pendant de la pr\u00e9valence<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Cliniquement significatif pour le clinicien<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>RVP<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>RVN<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Apport diagnostique<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&gt; 10<\/td>\n<td>&lt; 0,1<\/td>\n<td><strong>Tr\u00e8s fort<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5 \u2013 10<\/td>\n<td>0,1 \u2013 0,2<\/td>\n<td><strong>Fort<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2 \u2013 5<\/td>\n<td>0,2 \u2013 0,5<\/td>\n<td><strong>Mod\u00e9r\u00e9<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 &#8211; 2<\/td>\n<td>0,5 &#8211; 1<\/td>\n<td><strong>Faible<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td><strong>nul<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Exercice <a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/47D61939720D0CAF9277DE180673EF52\/Download.aspx\">Prescrire : B.A.-BA n\u00b05 : \u00ab\u00a0Rapport de vraisemblance\u00a0\u00bb<\/a><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"vp\">4. Valeur pr\u00e9dictive positive et n\u00e9gative<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Valeur pr\u00e9dictive positive <\/strong>(VPP)\n<ul>\n<li>D\u00e9finition <span class=\"zp-InText-zp-ID--1093634-UM3AGQZ3--wp915 zp-InText-Citation loading\" rel=\"{ 'pages': 'np', 'items': '{1093634:UM3AGQZ3}', 'format': '(%num%)', 'brackets': '', 'etal': '', 'separator': '', 'and': '' }\"><\/span> :\n<ul>\n<li>Capacit\u00e9 du test de distinguer les personnes malades (vrais positifs) de l&rsquo;ensemble des personnes dont le r\u00e9sultat au test est positif (vrais positifs + faux positifs).<\/li>\n<li>Probabilit\u00e9 qu&rsquo;une personne qui a un test positif soit effectivement atteinte par la maladie ou le probl\u00e8me de sant\u00e9 = p (M+\/T+).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Calcul\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>VPP = VP \/ (VP+FP)<\/li>\n<li>VPP = RVP x pr\u00e9valence<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Valeur pr\u00e9dictive n\u00e9gative<\/strong> (VPN)\n<ul>\n<li>D\u00e9finition <span class=\"zp-InText-zp-ID--1093634-UM3AGQZ3--wp915 zp-InText-Citation loading\" rel=\"{ 'pages': 'np', 'items': '{1093634:UM3AGQZ3}', 'format': '(%num%)', 'brackets': '', 'etal': '', 'separator': '', 'and': '' }\"><\/span> :\n<ul>\n<li>Capacit\u00e9 d&rsquo;un test \u00e0 distinguer les personnes saines (vrais n\u00e9gatifs) de l&rsquo;ensemble des personnes dont le r\u00e9sultat au test est n\u00e9gatif (vrais n\u00e9gatifs + faux n\u00e9gatifs).<\/li>\n<li>Probabilit\u00e9 qu&rsquo;une personne au test n\u00e9gatif ne soit pas atteinte par la maladie ou par le probl\u00e8me de sant\u00e9 = p (M-\/T-).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Calcul\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>VPN = VN \/ (VN+FN)<\/li>\n<li>VPN = RVN x pr\u00e9valence<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Exercice <a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/74CC277EB8A9539A0646EFD856AA6E69\/Download.aspx\">Prescrire : B.A.-BA n\u00b03 : \u00ab\u00a0Sensibilit\u00e9, sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n\n<div 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ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_POSTID ZP_ATTR\">915<\/span><div class='zp-List loading'>\n<div class=\"zp-SEO-Content\">\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ZP_JSON 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id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-WSNAV6FU\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">3.7\u2013.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-5C83BXKP\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">13.4% of participants fell within the KDIGO 2012 moderate risk CKD, 0.9\u20135.6% within the high-risk group and 0.3\u20134.8% within the very high-risk group.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-U7VZZSRR\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Orlandi PF, Huang J, Fukagawa M, et al. A collaborative, individual-level analysis compared longitudinal outcomes across the International Network of Chronic Kidney Disease (iNETCKD) cohorts. Kidney Int. 2019;96:1217\u201333.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-QHKDBIRN\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Fig. 3 Prevalence of each KDIGO 2012 category in general population samples.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-3AV944QR\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Applying KDIGO criteria, 450 (50%) were defined as moderate risk, 86 (10%) high risk and 69 (8%) very high risk. 33% did not have a uACR recorded to determine risk.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-SV3FU3SI\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">905 patients met the inclusion criteria (6% of the population).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-A5AQC9BH\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">14,525 patients.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-89KGJRJM\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Primary Care software to extract data.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-DBQ2BIYD\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Introducing a Cardiovascular Renal Metabolic Service to Optimise the\u00a0 Management of Chronic Kidney Disease in Primary Care. An Interface\u00a0 Project.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-5JGW36MF\" data-zp-author-date='Linden-et-al.-2025-04-09' data-zp-date-author='2025-04-09-Linden-et-al.' data-zp-date='2025-04-09' data-zp-year='2025' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Linden P, Leonard N, Conlan J. Introducing a Cardiovascular Renal Metabolic Service to Optimise the Management of Chronic Kidney Disease in Primary Care. An Interface Project. | International Journal of Integrated Care. 2025 Apr 9 [cited 2025 Sept 24]; Available from: <a class='zp-ItemURL' href='https:\/\/ijic.org\/articles\/10.5334\/ijic.ICIC24496'>https:\/\/ijic.org\/articles\/10.5334\/ijic.ICIC24496<\/a><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-NVMSN59U\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">public and private facilities.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-LCD6B632\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Risk profile, quality of life and care of patients with moderate\u00a0 and advanced CKD: The French CKD-REIN Cohort Study.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-HNV9NLBN\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Overall distribution according to KDIGO 2012 risk groups showed 7.4% at low or moderate, 15.8% at high and 65.5% at very high risk, while 11.2% were unclassified due to missing albuminuria (Figure 1.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-PWNAZUB3\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">23. Stengel B, Metzger M, Combe C, et al. Risk profile, quality of life and care of patients with moderate and advanced CKD: the French CKD-REIN Cohort Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2019;34:277\u201386.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-N3XZWQ6Z\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">participants fell within the KDIGO 2012 lowrisk group, 3.7\u201313.4% within the moderately increased risk group, 0.9\u20135.6% within the highrisk group and 0.3\u20134.8% within the very highrisk group.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-4UVS3FK9\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">ost fell within the KDIGO 2012 low-risk or moderate-risk groups, with 0.9\u20135.6% in the high-risk and 0.3\u20134.8% in the very high-risk groups.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-5HMBESS2\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">revalence of CKD (GFR categories G3\u20135), ranging from 2% to 17%.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-NV9HSB6Q\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Adv Ther (2021).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-MGJR4HRT\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease by KDIGO Categories of Glomerular Filtration Rate and Albuminuria: A Systematic Review.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-DU57T8ZR\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">1.1).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-ZFMNHDA9\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">6.5.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-N76RFVZP\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">23.8.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-GBEQF7IT\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">68.6.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-BI3X9KPE\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">CKD stage at first qualifying eGFR measurement.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-CJTBKVAG\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">testing within 6 months of CKD diagnosis.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-H4QWENIJ\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">6529 patients with CKD (18.4%) received follow-up urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-LGFJ5SMF\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">With Diabetes and Hypertension (n = 14 859 [32.2%]).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-9S49AALH\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">With Diabetes (n = 6770 [14.7%]).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-K3T2S85Z\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">6770 (14.7%) had diabetes without\u00a0 hypertension, 16 930 (36.7%) had hypertension only, and 14 859 (32.2%) had both diabetes and\u00a0 hypertension.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-UG4DEHZK\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">56.0).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-4QZLLW6E\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">69.2 (14.0).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-BNCZ2LB4\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">6 162 patients (mean [SD] age, 69.2 [14.0] years; 25 855\u00a0 [56.0%] female) from primary care practices.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-CGQT4G2Q\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Only 6529 patients (18.4%) with CKD received a urine albumin test within 6\u00a0 months of CKD diagnosis,.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-TUV5J634\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">with stage 3 to 5 CKD.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-CUF55GJJ\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">46 162 patients (mean [SD] age, 69.2 [14.0].<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-DJBBP6YY\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">2019.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-6W74YU8A\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Quality of Chronic Kidney Disease Management\u00a0 in Canadian Primary Care.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-8QNE6QDR\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Electronic medical\u00a0 record.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-G88L2LIA\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">\u2022 The estimated prevalence of CKD in France at 8%\u201310% is close to that expected.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-WZ4EFDPU\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">n France, the MONALISA study using three representative cross-sectional surveys in subjects aged 35\u201374.9 years estimated the CKD prevalence at 8.2% (95% CI, 7.4\u20138.9%).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-2XNSCD9A\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">18% of individuals treated for diabetes.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-MX9VFK4H\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">54% women.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-AFM6WFE2\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">in the \u2018likely\u2019 group.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-L4NFTMBB\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">in the \u2018certain\u2019 group, 68 years.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-XHQDQ6SU\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">The median age was 67 years.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-AWDYR4TG\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">n 2021, representing an estimated prevalence in the general population increasing from 8.1% to 10.5%.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-HLH5VSDX\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">RENALGO-EXPERT algorithm identified 4.5% of the volunteers in the CONSTANCES as CKD.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-6KVQUSUJ\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">the estimated prevalence in the SNDS increased from 8.1% to 10.5%.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-7PEZ4939\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">CONSTANCES.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-915-1093634-XJRBALW5\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">SNDS.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem --><\/div><!-- .zp-zp-SEO-Content -->\n<\/div><!-- .zp-List --><\/div><!--.zp-Zotpress-->\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>IV. Analyse bivari\u00e9e A. Le risque relatif\u00a0et l\u2019odds ratio Permet d\u2019\u00e9valuer la d\u00e9pendance entre 2 variables qualitatives binaires. Tableau de contingence\u00a0: On utilise ce tableau pour se repr\u00e9senter les donn\u00e9es. On a 2 variables qualitatives binaires Maladie\u00a0: positif (malade) ou n\u00e9gatif (sain). C\u2019est l\u2019\u00e9v\u00e9nement. Exposition\u00a0: positif(expos\u00e9) ou n\u00e9gatif (non expos\u00e9). C\u2019est le facteur d\u2019exposition. On [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":147,"menu_order":43,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-915","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Analyse statistique bivari\u00e9e - LEPCAM<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Comprenez les analyses bivari\u00e9es : Pearson, risque relatif, Odds ratio, sensibilit\u00e9, sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9, rapport de vraisemblance, VPP, VPN, courbe ROC...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/bivariee\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Analyse statistique bivari\u00e9e - 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