{"id":833,"date":"2016-05-01T13:01:52","date_gmt":"2016-05-01T12:01:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lepcam.fr\/?page_id=833"},"modified":"2019-10-03T09:02:50","modified_gmt":"2019-10-03T08:02:50","slug":"echantillon","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/echantillon\/","title":{"rendered":"Elaborer un protocole (2)"},"content":{"rendered":"<hr \/>\n<h1 id=\"elaboration\">III. Elaboration de l\u2019\u00e9chantillon\/population<\/h1>\n<p><strong>Exercices\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<div style=\"margin: auto; width: auto; \"><h3 class='azc_tsh_toggle' style='border: 0px solid #00F000; background-color: #ffffff; '><a href='#' style='color: #CC6666; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.6em; '>Prescrire : \"Caract\u00e9ristiques de la population \u00e9tudi\u00e9e\"<\/a><\/h3><div class='azc_tsh_toggle_container' style='border: 0px solid #00F000; background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: inherit; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; '><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/0DB3CB30BE129FBFE7F9385D908BFA5E\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b01 &#8211; \u00c0 la recherche du crit\u00e8re pertinent\u2026 pour les patients<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/576DFF3C098FCA73FDF2D4716484E3C9\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b04 &#8211; Distinguer \u00e9valuation de l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 et \u00e9valuation de l\u2019utilit\u00e9<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/2C622069AE1D1388CD43D587D4612E24\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b09 &#8211; Ne pas confondre observer et exp\u00e9rimenter<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/D2999A2B4BE27B81833756DD92B7A936\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b015 &#8211; Oeufs brouill\u00e9s<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/7603A3F8D62442033DCA640306C25841\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b020 &#8211; \u00c7a d\u00e9pend du contexte<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/E93D384277F7C1D8FDB99D16145DB59D\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b023 &#8211; Savoir \u00eatre subjectif\u00a0<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/17BE7418711C3100D457D52E7245B431\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b026 &#8211; Primum non nocere<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/545466A24947DF6D2D69D5956085B9B0\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b027 &#8211; Lire un RCP<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/36F006FA41A9AF04360B99AA487C3B7B\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b030 &#8211; Peut mieux faire<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/B636315CE382A99421D6C52AC351F93A\/Download.aspx\"><br \/>\n<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/9AE8CC16BAE0E51F87D26E1DE6FD1AB9\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b034 &#8211; Rapports de vraisemblance<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/F31F560212FF66080B77A773180C728D\/Download.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Exercice N\u00b039 &#8211;\u00a0Baisser le filet pour mieux jouer\u00a0?<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/BE0FFCF4CEE2969D1EE1C31E8FEEC458\/Download.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Exercice N\u00b042 &#8211;\u00a0Ne pas se tromper de casting<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/C3E05B0BC7C92DC82C8D7B74EF57E7E6\/Download.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Exercice N\u00b044 &#8211;\u00a0Les petites zones d&rsquo;ombre font les gros doutes<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/82E7E369C89452F65907BAD001498CEC\/Download.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Exercice N\u00b045 &#8211; Ne pas prendre des vessies pour des lanternes<\/a><\/p>\n<p><\/div><\/div>\n<p><strong>Echantillonnage\u00a0<\/strong>: processus de s\u00e9lection d&rsquo;objets ou d&rsquo;individus \u00e0 \u00e9tudier, \u00e0 partir d&rsquo;une population plus importante. Le sous-ensemble d&rsquo;objets ou d&rsquo;individus constitue l&rsquo;\u00e9chantillon\u00a0<span class=\"zp-InText-zp-ID--1093634-UM3AGQZ3--wp833 zp-InText-Citation loading\" rel=\"{ 'pages': 'np', 'items': '{1093634:UM3AGQZ3}', 'format': '(%num%)', 'brackets': '', 'etal': '', 'separator': '', 'and': '' }\"><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Echantillon\u00a0<\/strong>:<strong> sous-ensemble de la population \u00e9tudi\u00e9e<\/strong>. Le choix des unit\u00e9s qui constituent le sous-ensemble peut \u00eatre effectu\u00e9 par diff\u00e9rentes m\u00e9thodes (\u00e9chantillonnage). On utilise des \u00e9chantillons parce qu&rsquo;une \u00e9tude approfondie de toute la population serait impossible, trop longue et trop ch\u00e8re pour le niveau de pr\u00e9cision exig\u00e9\u00a0<span class=\"zp-InText-zp-ID--1093634-UM3AGQZ3--wp833 zp-InText-Citation loading\" rel=\"{ 'pages': 'np', 'items': '{1093634:UM3AGQZ3}', 'format': '(%num%)', 'brackets': '', 'etal': '', 'separator': '', 'and': '' }\"><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Ainsi, \u00e0 partir d\u2019une population source, on va s\u00e9lectionner un \u00e9chantillon de sujets respectant diff\u00e9rents crit\u00e8res.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"echantillonnage\">A. Le principe de la fluctuation d&rsquo;\u00e9chantillonnage<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Si l&rsquo;on effectue plusieurs \u00e9chantillonnages de m\u00eame taille sur une m\u00eame population, on obtiendra en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des fr\u00e9quences l\u00e9g\u00e8rement diff\u00e9rentes pour un caract\u00e8re donn\u00e9. Ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne s&rsquo;appelle <strong>fluctuation d&rsquo;\u00e9chantillonnage<\/strong>. Ces valeurs se situent dans un intervalle appel\u00e9 <strong>Intervalle de fluctuation<\/strong>, souvent fix\u00e9 \u00e0 95%.<\/li>\n<li>Ces fluctuations diminuent lorsque la taille de l\u2019\u00e9chantillon augmente.<\/li>\n<li>Pour les matheux, cet intervalle est d\u00e9termin\u00e9 gr\u00e2ce au th\u00e9or\u00e8me central limite qui \u00e9tablit la convergence en loi de la somme d&rsquo;une suite de variables al\u00e9atoires vers la loi normale. Intuitivement, ce r\u00e9sultat affirme que toute somme de variables al\u00e9atoires ind\u00e9pendantes et identiquement distribu\u00e9es tend vers une variable al\u00e9atoire gaussienne.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Le test statistique<\/strong> permet de d\u00e9terminer si les <strong>r\u00e9sultats observ\u00e9s sont attribuables<\/strong> aux seules <strong>fluctuations d\u2019\u00e9chantillonnage<\/strong> ou s\u2019ils sont <strong>r\u00e9els<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Ex\u00a0: Quand on entend comme r\u00e9sultat d\u2019un sondage :<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Il y a actuellement 52 % de gens qui voteraient pour M. X au deuxi\u00e8me tour d\u2019une \u00e9lection (sondage effectu\u00e9 aupr\u00e8s de 948 personnes),<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>il faut comprendre : Il y a 95 % de chance pour que l\u2019intervalle [49 % ; 55 %] contienne le pourcentage de gens pr\u00eats \u00e0 voter pour M. X au deuxi\u00e8me tour de cette \u00e9lection. Pour un sondage aupr\u00e8s de 1000 personnes,<\/em> <em>l\u2019intervalle est d\u00e9termin\u00e9 \u00e0 plus ou moins 3 points.<\/em><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"modalite\">B. Modalit\u00e9s de s\u00e9lection des sujets<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Exercices<\/strong><\/p>\n<div style=\"margin: auto; width: auto; \"><h3 class='azc_tsh_toggle' style='border: 0px solid #00F000; background-color: #ffffff; '><a href='#' style='color: #CC6666; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.6em; '>Cliquez pour afficher<\/a><\/h3><div class='azc_tsh_toggle_container' style='border: 0px solid #00F000; background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: inherit; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; '><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/0DB3CB30BE129FBFE7F9385D908BFA5E\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b01 &#8211; \u00c0 la recherche du crit\u00e8re pertinent\u2026 pour les patients<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/576DFF3C098FCA73FDF2D4716484E3C9\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b04 &#8211; Distinguer \u00e9valuation de l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 et \u00e9valuation de l\u2019utilit\u00e9<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/2C622069AE1D1388CD43D587D4612E24\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b09 &#8211; Ne pas confondre observer et exp\u00e9rimenter<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/E63026A246826CCB99076CBAAEE6EE76\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b011 &#8211; Crit\u00e8re interm\u00e9diaire versus effets ind\u00e9sirables<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/D2999A2B4BE27B81833756DD92B7A936\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b015 &#8211; Oeufs brouill\u00e9s<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/7603A3F8D62442033DCA640306C25841\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b020 &#8211; \u00c7a d\u00e9pend du contexte<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/E93D384277F7C1D8FDB99D16145DB59D\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b023 &#8211; Savoir \u00eatre subjectif\u00a0<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/17BE7418711C3100D457D52E7245B431\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b026 &#8211; Primum non nocere <\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/36F006FA41A9AF04360B99AA487C3B7B\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b030 &#8211; Peut mieux faire<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/F31F560212FF66080B77A773180C728D\/Download.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Exercice N\u00b039 &#8211;\u00a0Baisser le filet pour mieux jouer\u00a0?<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/B6F0C41EEF13534EB9096721DFEA8774\/Download.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Exercice n\u00b040 &#8211; Un million en quatre semaines<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/BE0FFCF4CEE2969D1EE1C31E8FEEC458\/Download.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Exercice N\u00b042 &#8211;\u00a0Ne pas se tromper de casting<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/C3E05B0BC7C92DC82C8D7B74EF57E7E6\/Download.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Exercice N\u00b044 &#8211;\u00a0Les petites zones d&rsquo;ombre font les gros doutes<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/82E7E369C89452F65907BAD001498CEC\/Download.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Exercice N\u00b045 &#8211; Ne pas prendre des vessies pour des lanternes<\/a><\/p>\n<p><\/div><\/div>\n<p>Pour effectuer l\u2019\u00e9chantillonnage, on va se poser quelques questions sur les caract\u00e9ristiques de la population qu\u2019on cherche \u00e0 s\u00e9lectionner\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Caract\u00e9ristiques\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Qui\u00a0<\/strong>: malade, sains, volontaire\u2026<\/li>\n<li><strong>O\u00f9\u00a0<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>Type de <strong>structure\u00a0<\/strong>: Ville\/h\u00f4pital\/CHU<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre<\/strong> de centres : mono\/multicentrique<\/li>\n<li>Pays, syst\u00e8me de sant\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Quand\u00a0<\/strong>: date de d\u00e9but et de fin<\/li>\n<li><strong>Comment\u00a0<\/strong>: liste \u00e9lectorale, publicit\u00e9\u2026<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u00e9thode\u00a0<\/strong><strong>d\u2019\u00e9chantillonnage<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Qualit\u00e9 du s\u00e9lectionneur\u00a0<\/strong>: personnel m\u00e9dical, param\u00e9dical, laboratoire\u2026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Crit\u00e8res d\u2019inclusion\u00a0<\/strong>: ensemble de <strong>crit\u00e8res<\/strong> qui <strong>d\u00e9finissent<\/strong> de fa\u00e7on pr\u00e9cise les <strong>caract\u00e9ristiques<\/strong> des <strong>sujets<\/strong> qui peuvent entrer dans une \u00e9tude :\n<ul>\n<li>Sociod\u00e9mographique\u00a0: \u00e2ge, sexe, ethnie\u2026<\/li>\n<li>G\u00e9ographique\u00a0: origine, habitat, hospitalisation\u2026<\/li>\n<li>Pathologie\u00a0: stade, forme clinique, traitement\u2026<\/li>\n<li>Comorbidit\u00e9, FdR\u2026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Crit\u00e8res d\u2019exclusion<\/strong> (ou de non inclusion)\u00a0: ensemble des crit\u00e8res faisant que les sujets <strong>ne peuvent pas \u00eatre inclus<\/strong> dans une \u00e9tude ou un essai. Ils appartiennent \u00e0 3 classes\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Raison de prudence<\/strong>: pr\u00e9vention <strong>d\u2019\u00e9v\u00e9nements ind\u00e9sirables<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Contre indication \u00e0 l\u2019intervention. <em>Ex\u00a0: op\u00e9ration chirurgicale.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Contre indication \u00e0 une exploration n\u00e9cessaire au crit\u00e8re de jugement. <em>Ex\u00a0: biopsie, fibroscopie.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Difficult\u00e9 potentielle d\u2019\u00e9valuation <\/strong>des crit\u00e8res de jugement\u00a0\u00e0 cause d\u2019un facteur de <strong>confusion\u00a0: <\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Traitement interf\u00e9rant. <em>Ex\u00a0: AVK<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Maladie intercurrente. <em>Ex\u00a0: insuffisance r\u00e9nale aigu\u00eb<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Difficult\u00e9 potentielle de suivi <\/strong>augmentant le risque de <strong>perdus de vue<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Pathologie associ\u00e9e prioritaire sur les soins. <em>Ex\u00a0: cancer vs pathologie b\u00e9nigne<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Motivation insuffisante<\/li>\n<li>Mauvais observance ou risque d\u2019abandon. <em>Ex\u00a0: toxicomanie, trouble psychiatrique<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"methode_echanti\">C. M\u00e9thodes d\u2019\u00e9chantillonnage<\/h2>\n<h3><strong>Al\u00e9atoire <\/strong>(probabiliste)\u00a0:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Simple (\u00e9l\u00e9mentaire)\u00a0:<\/strong> on tire au sort, successivement, \u00ab\u00a0n\u00a0\u00bb sujets \u00e0 partir de la base d\u2019un sondage. Chaque sujet a la m\u00eame chance d\u2019\u00eatre inclus dans l\u2019\u00e9chantillon.\n<ul>\n<li><strong>M\u00e9thode\u00a0: <\/strong>on num\u00e9rote tous les sujets, on utilise une table de nombres al\u00e9atoire (informatique ou pas), on s\u00e9lectionne le sujet correspondant au nombre tir\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li>Avantage\u00a0: simple, m\u00e9thode de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, \u00e9chantillon repr\u00e9sentatif car probabilit\u00e9 de s\u00e9lection identique.<\/li>\n<li>Inconv\u00e9nient\u00a0: risque de biais car \u00e9chantillonnage \u00ab\u00a0sans remise\u00a0\u00bb. Plus on tire de sujets, moins il en restera dans la base donc plus la probabilit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00eatre tir\u00e9 au sort augmente. Ce biais devient n\u00e9gligeable sur une grande population ou si on fait une remise.<\/li>\n<li><em>Ex\u00a0: application avec Excel<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Premi\u00e8re colonne : identifie avec un nombre chaque individu de la liste de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Deuxi\u00e8me colonne : =alea()<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Recopier les deux colonnes en valeur \u00e0 la m\u00eame place.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Trier les deux colonnes en fonction de l\u2019ordre croissant (ou d\u00e9croissant) de la deuxi\u00e8me colonne.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Retenir les n premiers individus dans la colonne 1<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Syst\u00e9matique\u00a0(par intervalle):<\/strong> il existe un intervalle, un \u00e9cart entre chaque sujet (classement de la population dans un ordre non num\u00e9rique).\n<ul>\n<li>M\u00e9thode\u00a0<strong>:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Num\u00e9roter de 1 \u00e0 N les sujets dans la base de sondage (N\u00a0: taille totale de la population). <em>Ex\u00a0: Vous avez N = 400 sujets dans votre base.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>D\u00e9terminer l\u2019intervalle d\u2019\u00e9chantillonnage K (pas de sondage) en divisant le nombre de sujets (N) par la taille de l\u2019\u00e9chantillon. <em>Ex\u00a0: On choisit 100 sujets sur la base de 400 donc K = 400\/100 = 4.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Choisir le 1<sup>er<\/sup> sujet \u00e0 inclure dans l\u2019\u00e9chantillon (nombre entre 1 et K). <em>Ex\u00a0: on choisit d\u2019inclure \u00e0 partir du 2<sup>\u00e8me<\/sup> sujet, ce sera le 1<sup>er<\/sup> sujet de notre \u00e9chantillon.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>On inclus chaque K<sup>\u00e8me<\/sup> sujet apr\u00e8s le premier sujet inclus. <em>Ex\u00a0: On a choisi le 2<sup>\u00e8me<\/sup> puis le 6<sup>\u00e8me<\/sup>, puis 10<sup>\u00e8me<\/sup>\u2026<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Avantage\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Facile \u00e0 s\u00e9lectionner :\u00a01 seul individu est choisi au hasard (le 1<sup>er<\/sup>)<\/li>\n<li>Pr\u00e9cis :\u00a0r\u00e9partition de l\u2019\u00e9chantillon sur l\u2019ensemble de la population<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Inconv\u00e9nient\u00a0: risque de biais si les sujets sont r\u00e9partis dans un ordre non al\u00e9atoire dans la population ou si une caract\u00e9ristique revient \u00e0 la m\u00eame p\u00e9riodicit\u00e9.\n<ul>\n<li><em>Ex\u00a0: les noms \u00e0 particule (\u00ab\u00a0de\u00a0\u00bb) correspondent \u00e0 une certaine classe sociale.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stratifi\u00e9e\u00a0<\/strong>: on divise la population en groupes homog\u00e8nes (strates), qui sont mutuellement exclusifs, puis on s\u00e9lectionne \u00e0 partir de chaque strate des \u00e9chantillons ind\u00e9pendants. On peut utiliser n\u2019importe quelle m\u00e9thode d\u2019\u00e9chantillonnage pour s\u00e9lectionner l\u2019\u00e9chantillon dans chaque strate.\n<ul>\n<li>Avantage\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Il nous assure d\u2019obtenir une taille d\u2019\u00e9chantillon suffisante pour r\u00e9aliser des analyses en sous-groupe dans chaque strate.<\/li>\n<li>Peu probable de choisir un \u00e9chantillon inadapt\u00e9 car on s\u2019assure de la pr\u00e9sence proportionnelle des sous-groupes de la population.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Inconv\u00e9nient\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Il faut conna\u00eetre la liste de la population<\/li>\n<li>Il faut conna\u00eetre comment la population se r\u00e9partit dans certaines strates.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><em>Ex\u00a0: On s\u00e9pare la population en fonction du BMI\u00a0: normal, surpoids, ob\u00e9sit\u00e9. On va ensuite s\u00e9lectionner nos \u00e9chantillons dans chaque strate. <\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>En grappe\u00a0<\/strong>: on divise la population en sous-groupes (ou grappes), puis on s\u00e9lectionne al\u00e9atoirement des groupes de sujets plut\u00f4t que les sujets eux-m\u00eames.\n<ul>\n<li>Avantage\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Limite l\u2019\u00e9chantillon \u00e0 des groupes permettant de diminuer les co\u00fbts (d\u00e9placement, suivi, supervision).<\/li>\n<li>Pas besoin de liste globale de la population, la liste des groupes suffit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Inconv\u00e9nient\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Perte de pr\u00e9cision des r\u00e9sultats car les sujets ont tendance \u00e0 se ressembler dans un sous-groupe.<\/li>\n<li>Pas de contr\u00f4le de la taille finale de l\u2019\u00e9chantillon.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>A plusieurs degr\u00e9s (partitionn\u00e9)<\/strong>: ressemble \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chantillonnage par grappe sauf qu\u2019ici on pr\u00e9l\u00e8ve un \u00e9chantillon \u00e0 partir de la grappe. On a au moins 2 degr\u00e9s car le 1<sup>er<\/sup> correspond \u00e0 la grappe et le 2<sup>\u00e8me<\/sup> \u00e0 la sous unit\u00e9.\n<ul>\n<li>Avantage\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>R\u00e9duit les co\u00fbts et pas besoin de disposer de la liste compl\u00e8te.<\/li>\n<li>Permet de contr\u00f4ler la taille de l\u2019\u00e9chantillon, notamment par stratification.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Inconv\u00e9nient\u00a0: perte de pr\u00e9cision.\n<ul>\n<li><em>Ex\u00a0: Niveau 1\u00a0: ville, niveau 2\u00a0: \u00e9tablissement de sant\u00e9, niveau 3\u00a0: m\u00e9decin.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Empirique<\/strong> (non probabiliste)\u00a0:<\/h3>\n<p>Cette m\u00e9thode ne n\u00e9cessite pas de base de sondage. Peu fiable, elle\u00a0n\u2019inclut pas le concept de probabilit\u00e9 \u00e9gale d\u2019\u00eatre inclus parmi les sujets de la population.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Avantage\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Pas besoin de base de sondage<\/li>\n<li>Facile et peu on\u00e9reuse<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Inconv\u00e9nient\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Beaucoup de non r\u00e9ponse (perte de repr\u00e9sentativit\u00e9)<\/li>\n<li>Nombreux biais<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Int\u00e9r\u00eat\u00a0: pour les \u00e9tudes exploratoires, lorsqu\u2019on ne peut pas utiliser de m\u00e9thode probabiliste.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00e9thodes :\n<ul>\n<li><strong>A l\u2019aveuglette<\/strong> (ou de commodit\u00e9). <em>Ex\u00a0: d\u00e9gustation de vin.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Volontaire<\/strong>. <em>Ex\u00a0: exp\u00e9rience m\u00e9dicale.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Au jug\u00e9<\/strong>. S\u00e9lection des sujets en fonction de l\u2019id\u00e9e qu\u2019on se fait de la population, afin d\u2019obtenir des groupes cibl\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Par quotas<\/strong> (dirig\u00e9, par choix raisonn\u00e9). Surtout utilis\u00e9 pour les enqu\u00eates d\u2019opinion ou les \u00e9tudes de march\u00e9, les enqu\u00eateurs inclus les sujets en s\u2019assurant d\u2019avoir respect\u00e9 certains quotas.<em> Ex\u00a0: \u00e2ge, sexe, niveau socio-\u00e9conomique\u2026<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Cas particulier\u00a0: l\u2019appariement dans les \u00e9tudes cas-t\u00e9moins<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Afin de limiter, a priori, de potentiels facteurs de confusion, on peut apparier les cas et les t\u00e9moins\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>D\u00e9finition\u00a0: m\u00e9thode consistant \u00e0 s\u00e9lectionner des paires de sujet (cas + t\u00e9moin) qui sont comparables sur certains facteurs (souvent l\u2019\u00e2ge et le sexe).<\/li>\n<li>M\u00e9thode\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Equilibr\u00e9\u00a0: 1 cas pour 1 t\u00e9moin, le plus souvent<\/li>\n<li>D\u00e9s\u00e9quilibr\u00e9\u00a0: 1 cas pour 2\u20264 t\u00e9moins<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Int\u00e9r\u00eat\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Diminue le nombre de potentiels facteurs de confusions<\/li>\n<li>Si d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibr\u00e9\u00a0: augmente la puissance en diminuant la fluctuation d\u2019\u00e9chantillonnage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Limite\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Le nombre de facteurs d\u2019appariement est limit\u00e9<\/li>\n<li>Le nombre de t\u00e9moins par cas est limit\u00e9 (\u00e0 3 voir 4) car le gain de puissance perd son int\u00e9r\u00eat au-del\u00e0.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"nsn\">D. D\u00e9terminer la taille de l\u2019\u00e9chantillon\u00a0: le NSN<\/h2>\n<p>Avant d\u2019inclure les sujets dans l\u2019\u00e9tude, il faut estimer le nombre de sujets n\u00e9cessaires (NSN) pour avoir la puissance (d\u00e9termin\u00e9e a priori) suffisante afin de r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 l\u2019objectif de l\u2019\u00e9tude (et rejeter l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se nulle H0). On veut savoir combien de sujets doivent \u00eatre inclus dans chaque bras.<\/p>\n<p>Si vous ne comprenez rien \u00e0 tous ces symboles et ces notions statistiques, reportez vous au chapitre sur les <a href=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/stat\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tests statistiques<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>1. Quelles donn\u00e9es sont n\u00e9cessaires\u00a0?<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Pouvoir s\u00e9parateur<\/strong> entre 2 groupe\u00a0: la <strong>puissance P<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>La puissance d\u2019un test statistique correspond \u00e0 la capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 montrer un effet lorsqu\u2019il existe.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00e9n\u00e9ralement \u2265 80 %<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Pour un <strong>effet <\/strong>donn\u00e9\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>C\u2019est la <strong>diff\u00e9rence minimale d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat<\/strong> entre les 2 groupes (crit\u00e8re de jugement principal). Son choix est important, difficile et d\u00e9pendant du probl\u00e8me \u00e9tudi\u00e9. C\u2019est souvent une caract\u00e9ristique clinique ou biologique. Elle est donn\u00e9e par la <strong>litt\u00e9rature<\/strong> ou une <strong>\u00e9tude pr\u00e9liminaire<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Cet effet est diff\u00e9rent en fonction du type d\u2019\u00e9tude\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Pour une comparaison de <strong>moyennes<\/strong>, on a besoin de\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>La diff\u00e9rence <strong>\u0394\u00a0<\/strong>entre les moyennes des 2 groupes<\/li>\n<li>La <strong>variance<\/strong> estim\u00e9e <strong>s<sup>2\u00a0<\/sup><\/strong>: c\u2019est la variabilit\u00e9 de l\u2019ensemble du crit\u00e8re de jugement principal<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Pour une comparaison de <strong>pourcentages<\/strong> :\n<ul>\n<li>Pourcentages de <strong>succ\u00e8s dans chaque groupe<\/strong> \u00e9tudi\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Pour une \u00e9tude <strong>cas t\u00e9moin\u00a0ou en cross-over<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>L\u2019Odds-Ration minimal d\u00e9tectable<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>La <strong>proportion attendue de t\u00e9moins expos\u00e9s<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Le <strong>nombre de t\u00e9moins par cas<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Avec un <strong>risque d\u2019erreur <\/strong>fix\u00e9<strong> \u03b1 <\/strong>et la <strong>nature<\/strong> du test\n<ul>\n<li>Le <strong>risque \u03b1<\/strong>\u00a0est le risque de conclure \u00e0 une diff\u00e9rence alors qu\u2019il n\u2019y en a pas<\/li>\n<li>La nature du test correspond \u00e0 son caract\u00e8re <strong>unilat\u00e9ral<\/strong> ou <strong>bilat\u00e9ral<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>NB\u00a0: le nombre de sujet final tient aussi compte du <strong>nombre de perdus de vue attendu<\/strong>, max 5-10%<\/p>\n<h3>2. Comment le calculer\u00a0?<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Le plus simple<\/strong> est de passer par <a href=\"https:\/\/biostatgv.sentiweb.fr\/\">BiostatTGV<\/a>\u00a0ou par un<a href=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/ressources\/logiciels-statistiques\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> logiciel statistique<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Le site internet permet de calculer le NSN gratuitement pour comparer\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>2 moyennes<\/li>\n<li>2 proportions<\/li>\n<li>les \u00e9tudes cas-t\u00e9moins<\/li>\n<li>les \u00e9tudes en cross over<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Le calcul du NSN d\u00e9pend de 2 formules en fonction de ce qu&rsquo;on compare\u00a02 moyennes ou 2 pourcentages <span class=\"zp-InText-zp-ID--1093634-IK8NK43W--wp833 zp-InText-Citation loading\" rel=\"{ 'pages': 'np', 'items': '{1093634:IK8NK43W}', 'format': '(%num%)', 'brackets': '', 'etal': '', 'separator': '', 'and': '' }\"><\/span>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_840\" style=\"width: 759px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-840\" data-attachment-id=\"840\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/echantillon\/nsn\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/NSN.jpg?fit=749%2C184&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"749,184\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"NSN\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/NSN.jpg?fit=300%2C74&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/NSN.jpg?fit=629%2C155&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-840 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/NSN.jpg?resize=629%2C155&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"NSN\" width=\"629\" height=\"155\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/NSN.jpg?w=749&amp;ssl=1 749w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/NSN.jpg?resize=300%2C74&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/NSN.jpg?resize=600%2C147&amp;ssl=1 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 629px) 100vw, 629px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-840\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Calcul du NSN pour comparer de 2 variables qualitatives (pourcentage) ou 2 quantitatives (moyenne)<\/p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Pour d\u00e9terminer z\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Si \u03b1\u00a0= 5 %\u00a0;\u00a0 z<sub>\u03b1\/2<\/sub>= 1.96 (loi Normale) si bilat\u00e9ral, sinon z<sub>\u03b1<\/sub> en unilat\u00e9ral<\/li>\n<li>Si \u03b2\u00a0= 20 %\u00a0; = -0.842 (loi Normale)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ces valeurs sont valables \u00e0 condition que la variable suive une distribution normale ou que le nombre de sujet soit &gt; 30 (approximation d\u2019une loi normale)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ainsi le NSN augmente si\u00a0:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u03b1 et \u03b2 sont petit<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0394 est grand<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u03c3 ou s<sup>2<\/sup> est grand<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"73\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"68\"><em>Abr\u00e9viation<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"108\"><em>Synonyme<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\"><em>Valeur par d\u00e9faut (%)<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"193\"><em>D\u00e9finition<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"73\"><em>Risque alpha<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"68\"><em>\u03b1<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"108\"><em>Risque de 1\u00e8re esp\u00e8ce<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\"><em>5<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"193\"><em>Probabilit\u00e9 de conclure \u00e0 une diff\u00e9rence alors qu\u2019il n\u2019y en a pas<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"73\"><em>Risque Beta<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"68\"><em>\u03b2<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"108\"><em>Risque de 2\u00e8me esp\u00e8ce<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\"><em>5 &#8211; 20<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"193\"><em>Probabilit\u00e9 de ne pas conclure \u00e0 une diff\u00e9rence alors qu\u2019il y en a<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"73\"><em>Puissance<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"68\"><em>P<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"108\"><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\"><em>P = 1 \u2013 \u03b2<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>= [80 \u2013 95 %]<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"193\"><em>Probabilit\u00e9 \u00e0 conclure \u00e0 une diff\u00e9rence alors qu\u2019il y en a<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<h1 id=\"cdj\">IV. Les crit\u00e8res de jugement<\/h1>\n<p>D\u00e9finition : variable observ\u00e9e et\/ou mesur\u00e9e dont l\u2019interpr\u00e9tation va <strong>permettre de r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la question pos\u00e9e dans l\u2019objectif<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Il peut \u00eatre primaire ou secondaire, en fonction s\u2019il permet de r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 l\u2019objectif principal ou aux objectifs secondaires<\/p>\n<p>En anglais\u00a0: <em>primary\/secondary endpoint, main endpoint<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Crit\u00e8res de qualit\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Simple<\/li>\n<li>Pr\u00e9cis<\/li>\n<li><strong>Objectif<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Consensuel<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Valid\u00e9<\/strong> de pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence par des publications (d\u00e9finitions internationales)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reproductible<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Pertinent cliniquement<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Adapt\u00e9<\/strong> \u00e0 la question donn\u00e9e<\/li>\n<li><strong>Unique<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>D\u00e9fini <strong>a\u00a0priori <\/strong>dans le protocole et <strong>ne changeant pas au cours de l\u2019\u00e9tude<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Modalit\u00e9s de mesure<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>par du <strong>personnel qualifi\u00e9 et form\u00e9<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>en double aveugle\u00a0<\/strong>(par 2 \u00e9valuateurs ind\u00e9pendants)<\/li>\n<li><strong>centralis\u00e9e<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>valid\u00e9 par un <strong>comit\u00e9 d\u2019adjudication<\/strong> <strong>ind\u00e9pendant\u00a0<\/strong>(comit\u00e9 d\u2019experts cliniques dans le domaine m\u00e9dical concern\u00e9 dont le but est d\u2019harmoniser et de standardiser l\u2019\u00e9valuation des crit\u00e8res de jugement)<\/li>\n<li>\u00e0 un <strong>moment d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat pr\u00e9cis<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Standardis\u00e9\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Pertinence<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Les crit\u00e8res de jugement doivent \u00eatre pertinent cliniquement.<\/p>\n<p>Les <strong>principaux crit\u00e8res pertinents<\/strong> sont\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mortalit\u00e9<\/li>\n<li>Ev\u00e8nement clinique (<em>AVC, IDM, infection)<\/em> ou morbidit\u00e9<\/li>\n<li>Douleur<\/li>\n<li>Qualit\u00e9 de vie<\/li>\n<li>Incapacit\u00e9 ou handicap<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>On l\u2019oppose aux <strong>crit\u00e8res interm\u00e9diaires\u00a0<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p>D\u00e9finition\u00a0: crit\u00e8re refl\u00e9tant d\u2019un m\u00e9canisme biologique, radiologique, physiopathologique ou pharmacologique. Il n\u2019est pas directement li\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019objectif du traitement.<\/p>\n<p>Synonyme\u00a0: crit\u00e8re de substitution<\/p>\n<p>Anglais\u00a0: <em>surrogate<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Subjectivit\u00e9 et objectivit\u00e9 du CdJ<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Un crit\u00e8re de jugement est dit <strong>objectif<\/strong> si son \u00e9valuation est incontestable, et si son interpr\u00e9tation sera identique en fonction de la personne qui l\u2019\u00e9value.<\/p>\n<p>Il s\u2019agit principalement de la <strong>mortalit\u00e9 toute cause<\/strong> et de <strong>crit\u00e8res biologiques<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Diff\u00e9rents crit\u00e8res<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Crit\u00e8re clinique<\/strong>: permet le reflet direct de l\u2019objectif du traitement \u00e9tudi\u00e9\n<ul>\n<li><em>Ex\u00a0: mortalit\u00e9\u2026<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Crit\u00e8re interm\u00e9diaire<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>Inconv\u00e9nient\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Moins pertinent<\/strong> (<em>Ex\u00a0: HbA1c pour complications du diab\u00e8te\u2026)<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Pas toujours corr\u00e9l\u00e9s avec la mortalit\u00e9 ou l\u2019\u00e9v\u00e9nement clinique <\/strong><em>(ex\u00a0: troponine \u00e9lev\u00e9e dans l\u2019IDM mais aussi dans la myocardite)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Int\u00e9r\u00eat\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Utilis\u00e9 <strong>\u00e0 la place d\u2019un crit\u00e8re clinique<\/strong> lorsque ce dernier n\u2019est <strong>pas utilisable<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Conditions d\u2019utilisation\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Relation avec le CdJP \u00e9tablie et indiscutable<\/li>\n<li>Fiable, reproductible<\/li>\n<li>Sensible, sp\u00e9cifique<\/li>\n<li>D\u00e9fini a priori<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Crit\u00e8re <strong>composite\u00a0: <\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>D\u00e9f\u00a0: combinaison de plusieurs crit\u00e8res en un seul.<\/li>\n<li>Avantages\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>A<\/strong><strong>u<\/strong><strong>g<\/strong><strong>m<\/strong><strong>e<\/strong><strong>n<\/strong><strong>t<\/strong><strong>e le nombre d\u2019\u00e9v\u00e8nements<\/strong> et donc la <strong>puissance<\/strong> statistique<\/li>\n<li>Correspond \u00e0 la <strong>situation clinique r\u00e9elle<\/strong> <em>(ex: IDM, revascularisation&#8230;)<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Permet de <strong>prendre en compte l\u2019ensemble des \u00e9v\u00e9nements importants<\/strong> (notamment lorsqu\u2019on \u00e9value le b\u00e9n\u00e9fice-risque)<\/li>\n<li>Permet de regrouper des facteurs d\u2019efficacit\u00e9 et de tol\u00e9rance<\/li>\n<li>Donne une <strong>vision globale<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Inconv\u00e9nients\n<ul>\n<li>Regroupe des \u00e9v\u00e8nements de <strong>gravit\u00e9 diff\u00e9rente<\/strong> <em>(<\/em><em>ex: TVP et EP), <\/em>rendant <strong>difficile l\u2019interpr\u00e9tation.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>S<\/strong><strong>o<\/strong><strong>u<\/strong><strong>s<\/strong><strong>&#8211;<\/strong><strong>es<\/strong><strong>t<\/strong><strong>i<\/strong><strong>m<\/strong><strong>e la gravit\u00e9 d\u2019une suite d\u2019\u00e9v\u00e8nement<\/strong> <em>(ex: TVP puis EP)<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Difficile \u00e0 interpr\u00e9ter<\/strong>, si le r\u00e9sultat est significatif sur le crit\u00e8re composite, cela ne signifie pas que chaque sous-crit\u00e8re est significatif.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>V\u00e9rifier qu\u2019il est cliniquement pertinent\n<ul>\n<li>Regarder si la <strong>gravit\u00e9<\/strong> des sous-crit\u00e8res est globalement <strong>comparable<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>S<\/strong><strong>i \u00ab d\u00e9c\u00e8s \u00bb inclus, il faut des complications graves<\/strong> (mais \u00e7a reste valable)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Crit\u00e8re \u00ab <strong>d\u00e9c\u00e8s toute cause <\/strong>\u00bb\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>D\u00e9f\u00a0: sous-type de crit\u00e8re composite incluant les d\u00e9c\u00e8s, peu importe l\u2019\u00e9tiologie.<\/li>\n<li>Avantages\u00a0: toujours pr\u00e9f\u00e9rable \u00e0 d\u00e9c\u00e8s \u00ab sp\u00e9cifique \u00bb car\n<ul>\n<li>\u00e9vite le <strong>biais de classement<\/strong> car difficult\u00e9 \u00e0 diagnostiquer une cause pr\u00e9cise de d\u00e9c\u00e8s<\/li>\n<li>prend en compte les <strong>d\u00e9c\u00e8s non sp\u00e9cifiques mais li\u00e9s au traitement<\/strong>\u00a0(<em>ex: accident de la voie publique \u00e0 cause de la\u00a0somnolence<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>n<\/strong><strong>e diminue pas la probabilit\u00e9 de montrer une diff\u00e9rence<\/strong> car randomisation<\/li>\n<li><strong>Crit\u00e8re<\/strong><strong> \u00ab dur \u00bb<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Gold standard<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>D\u00e9f\u00a0: test diagnostique qu&rsquo;on utilise comme <strong>r\u00e9f\u00e9rence<\/strong> (m\u00eame si aucun test n&rsquo;est parfait). Dans une d\u00e9marche diagnostique, c&rsquo;est l&rsquo;examen que l&rsquo;on consid\u00e8re comme donnant la <strong>meilleure certitude diagnostique.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Crit\u00e8res de qualit\u00e9\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>m\u00e9thode de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence en <strong>l\u2019absence d\u2019examen diagnostic de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Il est \u00e9valu\u00e9 en <strong>aveugle<\/strong> du r\u00e9sultat du <strong>test \u00e9tudi\u00e9 et vice versa<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Il <strong>n\u2019inclut pas le test \u00e9tudi\u00e9<\/strong>. Le test ne doit pas influencer le gold standard.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>En recherche qualitative<\/h1>\n<p><em>En cours de r\u00e9daction&#8230;<\/em><\/p>\n<h1>Administratif :<\/h1>\n<p><em>En cours de r\u00e9daction&#8230;<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n\n<div id='zp-InTextBib-zotpress-12804412ed86390b4b8452c25c266725' class='zp-Zotpress zp-Zotpress-InTextBib wp-block-group zp-Post-833'>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ITEM_KEY ZP_ATTR\">{1093634:UM3AGQZ3};{1093634:UM3AGQZ3};{1093634:IK8NK43W}<\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_STYLE ZP_ATTR\">vancouver<\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SORTBY ZP_ATTR\">default<\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ORDER ZP_ATTR\">asc<\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TITLE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWIMAGE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWTAGS ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_DOWNLOADABLE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_NOTES ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ABSTRACT 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id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-WSNAV6FU\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">3.7\u2013.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-5C83BXKP\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">13.4% of participants fell within the KDIGO 2012 moderate risk CKD, 0.9\u20135.6% within the high-risk group and 0.3\u20134.8% within the very high-risk group.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-U7VZZSRR\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Orlandi PF, Huang J, Fukagawa M, et al. A collaborative, individual-level analysis compared longitudinal outcomes across the International Network of Chronic Kidney Disease (iNETCKD) cohorts. Kidney Int. 2019;96:1217\u201333.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-QHKDBIRN\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Fig. 3 Prevalence of each KDIGO 2012 category in general population samples.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-3AV944QR\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Applying KDIGO criteria, 450 (50%) were defined as moderate risk, 86 (10%) high risk and 69 (8%) very high risk. 33% did not have a uACR recorded to determine risk.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-SV3FU3SI\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">905 patients met the inclusion criteria (6% of the population).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-A5AQC9BH\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">14,525 patients.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-89KGJRJM\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Primary Care software to extract data.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-DBQ2BIYD\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Introducing a Cardiovascular Renal Metabolic Service to Optimise the\u00a0 Management of Chronic Kidney Disease in Primary Care. An Interface\u00a0 Project.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-5JGW36MF\" data-zp-author-date='Linden-et-al.-2025-04-09' data-zp-date-author='2025-04-09-Linden-et-al.' data-zp-date='2025-04-09' data-zp-year='2025' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Linden P, Leonard N, Conlan J. Introducing a Cardiovascular Renal Metabolic Service to Optimise the Management of Chronic Kidney Disease in Primary Care. An Interface Project. | International Journal of Integrated Care. 2025 Apr 9 [cited 2025 Sept 24]; Available from: <a class=&#039;zp-ItemURL&#039; href=&#039;https:\/\/ijic.org\/articles\/10.5334\/ijic.ICIC24496&#039;>https:\/\/ijic.org\/articles\/10.5334\/ijic.ICIC24496<\/a><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-NVMSN59U\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">public and private facilities.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-LCD6B632\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Risk profile, quality of life and care of patients with moderate\u00a0 and advanced CKD: The French CKD-REIN Cohort Study.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-HNV9NLBN\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Overall distribution according to KDIGO 2012 risk groups showed 7.4% at low or moderate, 15.8% at high and 65.5% at very high risk, while 11.2% were unclassified due to missing albuminuria (Figure 1.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-PWNAZUB3\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">23. Stengel B, Metzger M, Combe C, et al. Risk profile, quality of life and care of patients with moderate and advanced CKD: the French CKD-REIN Cohort Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2019;34:277\u201386.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-N3XZWQ6Z\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">participants fell within the KDIGO 2012 lowrisk group, 3.7\u201313.4% within the moderately increased risk group, 0.9\u20135.6% within the highrisk group and 0.3\u20134.8% within the very highrisk group.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-4UVS3FK9\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">ost fell within the KDIGO 2012 low-risk or moderate-risk groups, with 0.9\u20135.6% in the high-risk and 0.3\u20134.8% in the very high-risk groups.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-5HMBESS2\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">revalence of CKD (GFR categories G3\u20135), ranging from 2% to 17%.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-NV9HSB6Q\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Adv Ther (2021).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-MGJR4HRT\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease by KDIGO Categories of Glomerular Filtration Rate and Albuminuria: A Systematic Review.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-DU57T8ZR\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">1.1).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-ZFMNHDA9\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">6.5.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-N76RFVZP\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">23.8.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-GBEQF7IT\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">68.6.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-BI3X9KPE\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">CKD stage at first qualifying eGFR measurement.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-CJTBKVAG\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">testing within 6 months of CKD diagnosis.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-H4QWENIJ\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">6529 patients with CKD (18.4%) received follow-up urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-LGFJ5SMF\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">With Diabetes and Hypertension (n = 14 859 [32.2%]).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-9S49AALH\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">With Diabetes (n = 6770 [14.7%]).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-K3T2S85Z\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">6770 (14.7%) had diabetes without\u00a0 hypertension, 16 930 (36.7%) had hypertension only, and 14 859 (32.2%) had both diabetes and\u00a0 hypertension.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-UG4DEHZK\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">56.0).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-4QZLLW6E\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">69.2 (14.0).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-BNCZ2LB4\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">6 162 patients (mean [SD] age, 69.2 [14.0] years; 25 855\u00a0 [56.0%] female) from primary care practices.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-CGQT4G2Q\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Only 6529 patients (18.4%) with CKD received a urine albumin test within 6\u00a0 months of CKD diagnosis,.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-TUV5J634\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">with stage 3 to 5 CKD.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-CUF55GJJ\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">46 162 patients (mean [SD] age, 69.2 [14.0].<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-DJBBP6YY\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">2019.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-6W74YU8A\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Quality of Chronic Kidney Disease Management\u00a0 in Canadian Primary Care.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-8QNE6QDR\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Electronic medical\u00a0 record.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-G88L2LIA\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">\u2022 The estimated prevalence of CKD in France at 8%\u201310% is close to that expected.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-WZ4EFDPU\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">n France, the MONALISA study using three representative cross-sectional surveys in subjects aged 35\u201374.9 years estimated the CKD prevalence at 8.2% (95% CI, 7.4\u20138.9%).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-2XNSCD9A\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">18% of individuals treated for diabetes.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-MX9VFK4H\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">54% women.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-AFM6WFE2\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">in the \u2018likely\u2019 group.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-L4NFTMBB\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">in the \u2018certain\u2019 group, 68 years.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-XHQDQ6SU\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">The median age was 67 years.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-AWDYR4TG\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">n 2021, representing an estimated prevalence in the general population increasing from 8.1% to 10.5%.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-HLH5VSDX\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">RENALGO-EXPERT algorithm identified 4.5% of the volunteers in the CONSTANCES as CKD.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-6KVQUSUJ\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">the estimated prevalence in the SNDS increased from 8.1% to 10.5%.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-7PEZ4939\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">CONSTANCES.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-833-1093634-XJRBALW5\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">SNDS.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem --><\/div><!-- .zp-zp-SEO-Content -->\n<\/div><!-- .zp-List --><\/div><!--.zp-Zotpress-->\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>III. Elaboration de l\u2019\u00e9chantillon\/population Exercices\u00a0 Echantillonnage\u00a0: processus de s\u00e9lection d&rsquo;objets ou d&rsquo;individus \u00e0 \u00e9tudier, \u00e0 partir d&rsquo;une population plus importante. Le sous-ensemble d&rsquo;objets ou d&rsquo;individus constitue l&rsquo;\u00e9chantillon\u00a0. Echantillon\u00a0: sous-ensemble de la population \u00e9tudi\u00e9e. Le choix des unit\u00e9s qui constituent le sous-ensemble peut \u00eatre effectu\u00e9 par diff\u00e9rentes m\u00e9thodes (\u00e9chantillonnage). On utilise des \u00e9chantillons parce qu&rsquo;une \u00e9tude [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":147,"menu_order":21,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Elaboration de l&#039;\u00e9chantillon - LEPCAM<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Lors du design de votre protocole de recherche: \u00e9laborer l&#039;\u00e9chantillon \u00e0 partir des crit\u00e8re d&#039;inclusion, des m\u00e9thodes d&#039;\u00e9chantillonnage et du NSN\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/echantillon\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Elaboration de l&#039;\u00e9chantillon - 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