{"id":80,"date":"2016-02-17T11:28:05","date_gmt":"2016-02-17T10:28:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lepcam.fr\/?page_id=80"},"modified":"2020-04-29T15:43:07","modified_gmt":"2020-04-29T14:43:07","slug":"type-etude","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/type-etude\/","title":{"rendered":"Elaborer une question de recherche"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>L&rsquo;\u00e9laboration d&rsquo;une question de recherche permet de r\u00e9pondre de mani\u00e8re concr\u00e8te \u00e0 un probl\u00e8me<\/strong> auquel est confront\u00e9 un chercheur. Ce probl\u00e8me correspond \u00e0 une situation o\u00f9 les connaissances scientifiques ne permettent pas de r\u00e9pondre partiellement ou compl\u00e8tement \u00e0 cette probl\u00e9matique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c0 partir de ce probl\u00e8me, le chercheur va identifier plusieurs questions de recherche. <strong>Pour chaque question, il va \u00e9mettre une hypoth\u00e8se qu&rsquo;il va vouloir v\u00e9rifier<\/strong>. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une \u00e9tude, le chercheur va confirmer ou infirmer son hypoth\u00e8se \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re des r\u00e9sultats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cette d\u00e9marche hypoth\u00e9tico-d\u00e9ductive est caract\u00e9ristique de la recherche quantitative. Nous verrons plus loin qu&rsquo;on ne peut pas l&rsquo;appliquer pour la recherche qualitative.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"hypothese\">I. Hypoth\u00e8se et question de recherche<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A. Probl\u00e8me de recherche<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Le probl\u00e8me de recherche peut surgir de diff\u00e9rentes mani\u00e8res <span class=\"zp-InText-zp-ID--1093634-N76WK7HH--wp80 zp-InText-Citation loading\" rel=\"{ 'pages': 'np', 'items': '{1093634:N76WK7HH}', 'format': '(%num%)', 'brackets': '', 'etal': '', 'separator': '', 'and': '' }\"><\/span> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>\u00c0 partir <strong>d&rsquo;une observation<\/strong>, qu&rsquo;elle soit provoqu\u00e9e lors d&rsquo;une exp\u00e9rimentation ou qu&rsquo;elle survienne chez un patient, mais sans explication logique.<\/li><li>\u00c0 partir <strong>des donn\u00e9es de la science pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment publi\u00e9es<\/strong> : <ul><li>Les donn\u00e9es sont <strong>discordantes<\/strong> entre les \u00e9tudes<\/li><li>Les donn\u00e9es sont de <strong>mauvaise qualit\u00e9<\/strong> et d&rsquo;un niveau de preuve insuffisant<\/li><li><strong>Les<\/strong> <strong>r\u00e9sultats\u00a0inattendus<\/strong> de travaux de recherche, comme par exemple des effets secondaires d&rsquo;un m\u00e9dicament<\/li><li><strong>La<\/strong> <strong>poursuite de travaux de recherche ant\u00e9rieurs<\/strong>. Les \u00e9tudes \u00e9tant r\u00e9alis\u00e9es pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 une seule question, elles peuvent aborder d&rsquo;autres questions de recherche sans parvenir \u00e0 y r\u00e9pondre compl\u00e8tement. <\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>\u00c0 partir des donn\u00e9es de la <strong>recherche exp\u00e9rimentale ou fondamentale<\/strong> r\u00e9alis\u00e9es dans des conditions strictes et un environnement tr\u00e8s contr\u00f4l\u00e9<\/li><li>\u00c0 partir de <strong>nouvelles th\u00e9ories ou de nouveaux concepts<\/strong> issus d&rsquo;observation ou de recherche effectu\u00e9es dans d&rsquo;autres disciplines. La <strong>recherche qualitative<\/strong>\u00a0y participe activement.<\/li><li>\u00c0 partir d&rsquo;une <strong>mod\u00e9lisation<\/strong> ou d&rsquo;une <strong>simulation num\u00e9rique<\/strong>. Les capacit\u00e9s de d\u00e9veloppement informatiques permettent de cr\u00e9er des populations virtuelles afin de tester des hypoth\u00e8ses et en cr\u00e9er de nouvelles.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B. \u00c9laboration d&rsquo;une hypoth\u00e8se et d&rsquo;une question<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Recherche documentaire<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c0 l&rsquo;aide d&rsquo;une analyse de la litt\u00e9rature, le chercheur\u00a0va identifier l&rsquo;\u00e9tat actuel des\u00a0connaissances de la science dans le domaine du probl\u00e8me de recherche. Il va mettre en \u00e9vidence les donn\u00e9es pertinentes et zones d&rsquo;ombre \u00e0 \u00e9claircir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Questions et objectifs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Un projet de recherche a souvent  1 question principale et plusieurs questions secondaires. Pour chaque question, le chercheur d\u00e9finit un objectif dans son \u00e9tude afin d&rsquo;y r\u00e9pondre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Question\/objectif principal : question \u00e0 laquelle le travail va tenter de r\u00e9pondre en priorit\u00e9. La d\u00e9finition du type d&rsquo;\u00e9tude et du sch\u00e9ma exp\u00e9rimental en d\u00e9pendra. <em>Ex. : efficacit\u00e9 de deux m\u00e9dicaments diff\u00e9rents sur la mortalit\u00e9.<\/em><\/li><li>Questions\/objectifs secondaires : des questions suppl\u00e9mentaires peuvent \u00eatre pos\u00e9es pour analyser des variables compl\u00e9mentaires permettant de mieux cerner le probl\u00e8me \u00e9tudi\u00e9 ou d&rsquo;identifier de nouvelles hypoth\u00e8ses. <em>Ex. : effets secondaires d&rsquo;un m\u00e9dicament.<\/em><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Variables d&rsquo;\u00e9tude et crit\u00e8re de jugement<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Afin de r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la question pos\u00e9e, on d\u00e9finit les variables d&rsquo;\u00e9tudes et la relation entre les variables permettant d&rsquo;y r\u00e9pondre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>La variable expliqu\u00e9e <\/strong>correspond au crit\u00e8re de jugement principal qui refl\u00e8te le crit\u00e8re de jugement principal. C&rsquo;est la variable sur laquelle on souhaite identifier l&rsquo;influence des variables explicatives. <em>Ex. : mortalit\u00e9<\/em><\/li><li><strong>Les variables explicatives<\/strong> correspondent aux variables sur lesquelles on souhaite tester le lien avec la variable expliqu\u00e9e. <em>Ex. : le m\u00e9dicament A ou B<\/em><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Ces variables sont r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9es en plusieurs cat\u00e9gories :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Qualitative&nbsp;<\/strong>(cat\u00e9gorielle) : grandeurs non num\u00e9riques\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ordonn\u00e9e&nbsp;<\/strong>: elles s\u2019expriment en classes qui peuvent \u00eatre ordonn\u00e9es selon une \u00e9chelle de valeurs. <em>Ex. : score de gravit\u00e9 l\u00e9ger, moyen, s\u00e9v\u00e8re.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Nominales&nbsp;<\/strong>: variables dont les classes ne peuvent \u00eatre hi\u00e9rarchis\u00e9es. <em>Ex. : groupe&nbsp;sanguin.<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>Cas particulier&nbsp;: <strong>binaire&nbsp;<\/strong>: variable ne pouvant prendre que 2 r\u00e9sultats possibles. <em>Ex.&nbsp;: sexe.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li><li><strong>Quantitative&nbsp;<\/strong>: on peut faire la somme ou la diff\u00e9rence de plusieurs r\u00e9sultats.\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Discr\u00e8te<\/strong> (discontinue)&nbsp;: variable qui ne peut prendre qu\u2019une suite discontinue (finie ou infinie) de valeurs, donnant un faible nombre de r\u00e9sultats. <em>Ex. : Nombre de rechutes d\u2019une maladie par an, parit\u00e9.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Continue&nbsp;<\/strong>: variable pouvant prendre toutes les valeurs d\u2019un intervalle fini ou infini.<em> Ex.&nbsp;: poids.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li><li><strong>Censur\u00e9e&nbsp;<\/strong>: variable \u00e9voluant avec le temps dont la mesure peut manquer au moment de l\u2019analyse. On les retrouve surtout dans les analyses de survie concernant les \u00ab&nbsp;exclus-vivants&nbsp;\u00bb et les \u00ab&nbsp;perdus de vue&nbsp;\u00bb dont on ne conna\u00eet pas l\u2019\u00e9tat au moment de la mesure.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Population \u00e9tudi\u00e9e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>La population \u00e9tudi\u00e9e doit \u00eatre repr\u00e9sentative de la population qui est concern\u00e9e par le probl\u00e8me de recherche. Elle est d\u00e9finie de mani\u00e8re stricte par des crit\u00e8res d&rsquo;inclusion et d&rsquo;exclusion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Hypoth\u00e8se de travail<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>L&rsquo;hypoth\u00e8se de travail est une proposition que l&rsquo;on va soumettre \u00e0 un travail de recherche et la comparer aux r\u00e9sultats observ\u00e9s.<\/strong> <em>Ex. : le m\u00e9dicament A r\u00e9duit la mortalit\u00e9 par rapport au traitement B.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00e9anmoins, certaines \u00e9tudes ne n\u00e9cessitent pas d&rsquo;hypoth\u00e8se comme les \u00e9tudes descriptives ou les revues syst\u00e9matiques. <em>Ex. : Description des caract\u00e9ristiques des patients ayant de l&rsquo;hypertension art\u00e9rielle en France<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L&rsquo;hypoth\u00e8se a plusieurs qualit\u00e9s :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Pertinente<\/strong> : elle est importante en termes de fr\u00e9quence et de gravit\u00e9, permettant aux r\u00e9sultats d&rsquo;avoir un impact sur la pratique.<\/li><li><strong>Vraisemblable<\/strong> : elle doit s&rsquo;appuyer sur des donn\u00e9es scientifiques<\/li><li><strong>Pr\u00e9cise<\/strong> : elle doit \u00eatre d\u00e9finie de mani\u00e8re d\u00e9taill\u00e9e et a priori<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Dans un article, l&rsquo;hypoth\u00e8se est formul\u00e9e sous forme d&rsquo;objectifs de l&rsquo;\u00e9tude. On la trouve \u00e0 la fin du paragraphe \u00ab\u00a0introduction\u00a0\u00bb<\/strong>. Elle fait suite \u00e0 l&rsquo;exposition du contexte et des donn\u00e9es de la science expliquant la pertinence de ce choix. Elle pr\u00e9c\u00e8de la description des m\u00e9thodes expliquant la mani\u00e8re dont les auteurs vont chercher \u00e0 tester cette hypoth\u00e8se.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Habituellement, elle est construite \u00e0 partir de 4 \u00e9l\u00e9ments :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>PICO<\/strong><\/td><td>Signification<\/td><td>Exemple<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>P<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Patient<\/strong> ou probl\u00e8me m\u00e9dical<\/td><td><em>Age, sexe\u2026<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>I<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Intervention<\/strong> \u00e9valu\u00e9e<\/td><td><em>Nouveau traitement, test, intervention&#8230;<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>C<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Comparateur<\/strong><\/td><td><em>Placebo, traitement ou test de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>O<\/strong><\/td><td>\u00ab\u00a0<strong>Outcome<\/strong>\u00a0\u00bb en anglais (\u00e9v\u00e9nement mesur\u00e9, r\u00e9sultat clinique, crit\u00e8re de jugement)<\/td><td><em>Taux de mortalit\u00e9 \u00e0 1 an, taux d&rsquo;infarctus du myocarde&#8230;<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"type\">II. Les types d&rsquo;\u00e9tudes<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour chaque type de question de recherche, il lui correspondra un type d&rsquo;\u00e9tude lui permettant de r\u00e9pondre correctement \u00e0 la question avec le meilleur niveau de preuve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Il est difficile de s\u2019y retrouver dans tous les types d\u2019\u00e9tude. Il n\u2019existe aucune classification officielle ni consensuelle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On peut essayer de les classer selon certains facteurs :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>En fonction de <strong>l\u2019objectif\u00a0<\/strong>: d\u00e9crire une population\u00a0? Rechercher une cause\u00a0? Evaluer une intervention ou un test\u00a0?<\/li><li>En fonction de la <strong>m\u00e9thodologie\u00a0<\/strong>: quantitative\u00a0? Qualitative\u00a0? Semi-quantitative\u00a0?<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Enfin, un logigramme pourra vous aider \u00e0 vous orienter pour les \u00e9tudes <strong>quantitatives<\/strong> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-large wp-image-1128 is-style-default\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"629\" height=\"455\" data-attachment-id=\"1128\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/type-etude\/type_etude\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/type_etude.png?fit=4005%2C2896&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"4005,2896\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"type_etude\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Algorithme des \u00e9tudes quantitatives&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/type_etude.png?fit=629%2C455&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/type_etude-1024x740.png?resize=629%2C455&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Algorithme des \u00e9tudes quantitatives\" class=\"wp-image-1128\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/type_etude.png?resize=1024%2C740&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/type_etude.png?resize=300%2C217&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/type_etude.png?resize=600%2C434&amp;ssl=1 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/type_etude.png?resize=900%2C651&amp;ssl=1 900w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/type_etude.png?resize=1280%2C926&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/type_etude.png?w=1887 1887w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 629px) 100vw, 629px\" \/><figcaption>Algorithme des \u00e9tudes quantitatives<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"obj\">A. En fonction de l\u2019objectif<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>En fonction de notre question de recherche, notre \u00e9tude aura un objectif diff\u00e9rent. Dans le tableau ci-dessous, on se limite aux \u00e9tudes quantitatives :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>objectif<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>description<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>question<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>type d&rsquo;\u00e9tude<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>descriptif<\/strong><\/td><td>description certains ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes de sant\u00e9 et leurs d\u00e9terminants<\/td><td>nombre de malades ?<\/td><td>transversale<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>nombre de nouveaux cas ?<\/td><td>cohorte<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u00e9tiologique<\/strong><\/td><td>relation entre des facteurs et maladie<\/td><td>ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne contr\u00f4lable, fr\u00e9quent<\/td><td>cohorte randomis\u00e9e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>non contr\u00f4lable, fr\u00e9quent<\/td><td>cohorte<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>rare<\/td><td>cas-t\u00e9moin<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u00e9valuation<\/strong><\/td><td>\u00e9valuation de l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat d\u2019une intervention<\/td><td>efficacit\u00e9 d&rsquo;une \u00e9valuation ?<\/td><td>contr\u00f4l\u00e9e randomis\u00e9e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>s\u00e9curit\u00e9 ?<\/td><td>contr\u00f4l\u00e9e randomis\u00e9e ou suivi de cohorte<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>diagnostique<\/strong><\/td><td>comparer la pr\u00e9cision d\u2019un signe clinique ou un examen paraclinique \u00e0 un examen de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour diagnostiquer une maladie<\/td><td>reproductibilit\u00e9\/variabilit\u00e9 ?<\/td><td>transversale comparative avec r\u00e9p\u00e9tition de mesures<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>sensibilit\u00e9\/sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9\u00a0?<\/td><td>transversale avec comparaison\u00a0<em>gold standard<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>efficacit\u00e9\/utilit\u00e9\u00a0?<br><\/td><td>contr\u00f4l\u00e9e randomis\u00e9e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>strat\u00e9gie diagnostique ?<\/td><td>contr\u00f4l\u00e9e randomis\u00e9e ou arbre d\u00e9cisionnel<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>pronostic<\/strong><\/td><td>\u00e9valuation du devenir d\u2019une maladie en fonction de facteurs pronostiques<br><\/td><td>maladie fr\u00e9quente<\/td><td>contr\u00f4l\u00e9e randomis\u00e9e ou suivi de cohorte<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>maladie rare<\/td><td>cas-t\u00e9moin<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"methode\">B. En fonction de la m\u00e9thode<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>De nombreuses m\u00e9thodologies de recherche existent, les plus connus en m\u00e9decine sont les \u00e9tudes quantitatives les \u00e9tudes qualitatives et les \u00e9tudes de synth\u00e8se de connaissance :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Quantitative&nbsp;<\/strong>: \u00e9tude ayant pour objectif de mesurer une variable, tester une hypoth\u00e8se et\/ou une relation causale entre des variables.\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u00c9pid\u00e9miologique<\/strong> (observationnelle)&nbsp;: \u00e9tudes dont l\u2019objectif est d\u2019identifier les facteurs associ\u00e9s \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements de sant\u00e9 et ne reposant pas sur une d\u00e9marche exp\u00e9rimentale.\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Descriptive&nbsp;<\/strong>: recueil des informations sur l\u2019incidence, la pr\u00e9valence et l\u2019\u00e9volution d\u2019un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne de sant\u00e9 (peu couteuses, elles sont une photographie de la population \u00e0 un instant donn\u00e9).\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u00c9tude de cas, S\u00e9rie de cas<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Transversale<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Cohorte descriptive (de type 1)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Analytique&nbsp;<\/strong>: recherche les d\u00e9terminants de ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne&nbsp;: relation de causalit\u00e9 et facteur de risque.\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Cas t\u00e9moins<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Transversale<\/strong> (enqu\u00eate de pr\u00e9valence)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cohorte analytique (de type 2)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9cologique&nbsp;: <\/strong>on s\u2019int\u00e9resse \u00e0 des groupes d\u2019individus et non pas \u00e0 l\u2019individu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Interventionnelle<\/strong> (d\u2019intervention)&nbsp;: \u00e9tude mesurant l\u2019impact d\u2019une intervention\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u00c9tude contr\u00f4l\u00e9e randomis\u00e9e<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9tude contr\u00f4l\u00e9e non randomis\u00e9e<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li><li><strong>Qualitative&nbsp;<\/strong>: \u00e9tudes utilisant des m\u00e9thodes qualitatives pour la collecte et la description de donn\u00e9es qualitatives. On distingue les \u00e9tudes en fonction de la m\u00e9thode th\u00e9orique et de la m\u00e9thode de recueil de donn\u00e9es :\n<ul>\n<li><strong>M\u00e9thode th\u00e9orique :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nologie<\/strong> : compr\u00e9hension de l\u2019essence de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience des gens et des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9tude de cas<\/strong> : investigation de ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes contemporains dans leur contexte de vie.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ethnographie<\/strong> : immersion du chercheur dans la vie des sujets \u00e9tudi\u00e9s et place du&nbsp;ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne \u00e9tudi\u00e9 dans le contexte social et culturel<\/li>\n<li><strong>Biographie<\/strong> : chronologie d\u2019exp\u00e9riences de vie<\/li>\n<li><strong>Th\u00e9orie ancr\u00e9e<\/strong> : construction de&nbsp;la th\u00e9orie \u00e0 partir des donn\u00e9es recueillies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Recueil de donn\u00e9es<\/strong> :\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Entretiens<\/strong> :\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Structur\u00e9s<\/strong> : guide d\u2019entretien structur\u00e9 (se rapprochant du questionnaire)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Semi-structur\u00e9s<\/strong> : questions \u00e0 r\u00e9ponses ouvertes sous forme d\u2019un guide comportant des th\u00e9matiques, avec grandes questions et pr\u00e9visions de relances \u00e9ventuelles.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Approfondies<\/strong> : 1 ou 2 points \u00e9tudi\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on tr\u00e8s d\u00e9taill\u00e9e. Il n\u2019existe quasiment pas de guide.<\/li>\n<li><strong>De groupes (<em>focus groups)<\/em><\/strong><em>&nbsp;<\/em>: 8 \u00e0 10 personnes rassembl\u00e9es autour d\u2019un sujet avec un animateur et un&nbsp;observateur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Observation<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Directe&nbsp;:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Participante&nbsp;<\/strong>: l\u2019observateur a un r\u00f4le pr\u00e9cis<\/li>\n<li><strong>Non participante&nbsp;<\/strong>: l\u2019observateur a un r\u00f4le passif, ext\u00e9rieur<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Indirecte&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Analyse documentaire&nbsp;<\/strong>: r\u00e9alisation d\u2019une recherche documentaire exhaustive<\/li>\n<li><strong>Analyse de transcription&nbsp;<\/strong>: analyse d\u2019enregistrement audio ou vid\u00e9o<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u00e9thodes de consensus<\/strong> :\n<ul>\n<li><strong>M\u00e9thode Delphi<\/strong> : les participants ne se r\u00e9unissent jamais. Pas de limitation de nombre et de lieu. Toutes les discussions&nbsp;sont faites par Internet ou par courrier postal.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Groupe nominal<\/strong> : 8 \u00e0 12 personnes sont r\u00e9unies. 1\u00e8re&nbsp;\u00e9tape : relev\u00e9 des points principaux du sujet travaill\u00e9. Une \u00e9chelle de Lickert&nbsp;est ensuite renseign\u00e9e par les participants pour chacun des items. Les r\u00e9ponses sont regroup\u00e9es et permettent une hi\u00e9rarchisation&nbsp;de chaque item.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li><li><strong>Synth\u00e8se de connaissances<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Revue syst\u00e9matique <\/strong>: rassemblement, \u00e9valuation et synth\u00e8se des r\u00e9sultats des investigations initiales soulevant un probl\u00e8me ou un sujet particulier et utilisant un protocole structur\u00e9 et rigoureux<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u00e9ta-analyse <\/strong>: technique statistique qui r\u00e9sume les r\u00e9sultats de plusieurs \u00e9tudes en une seule estimation, ce qui donne plus de poids aux r\u00e9sultats des grandes \u00e9tudes<\/li>\n<li><strong>Synth\u00e8se en recherche qualitative<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li><li>Autres&nbsp;:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Audit clinique<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9tude avant\/apr\u00e8s<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Agr\u00e9gats spatio-temporels<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9tudes macro-\u00e9conomiques<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9valuation de la qualit\u00e9 des soins<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>En plus de l&rsquo;article original, il existe d\u2019autres types d\u2019articles que l\u2019on peut trouver dans une revue m\u00e9dicale&nbsp;:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Article original&nbsp;: <\/strong>document rapportant les r\u00e9sultats d\u2019une \u00e9tude visant \u00e0 confirmer ou infirmer une hypoth\u00e8se de travail nouvelle, et qui n\u2019a jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9e.<\/li><li><strong>\u00c9ditorial&nbsp;<\/strong>: commentaire \u00e9crit par la r\u00e9daction ou par un expert. Il donne son opinion sur un point d\u2019actualit\u00e9 ou une \u00e9tude originale.<\/li><li><strong>Acte de congr\u00e8s&nbsp;<\/strong>: transcription d\u2019une communication orale r\u00e9alis\u00e9e lors d\u2019un congr\u00e8s.<\/li><li><strong>Article pr\u00e9liminaire&nbsp;<\/strong>: r\u00e9sultats pr\u00e9liminaires d\u2019une \u00e9tude en cours<\/li><li><strong>Article didactique<\/strong>: document de diffusion des connaissances scientifiques et\/ou m\u00e9dicales. Il constitue une synth\u00e8se non m\u00e9thodique qui rassemble les d\u00e9finitions, informations, argumentations, r\u00e9f\u00e9rences et propositions d\u2019action (strat\u00e9gies diagnostiques et th\u00e9rapeutiques) utiles \u00e0 la compr\u00e9hension du th\u00e8me, l\u2019acquisition et l\u2019entretien de connaissance et\/ou de comp\u00e9tence. Sa r\u00e9daction et sa pr\u00e9sentation se veulent p\u00e9dagogiques et adapt\u00e9es au public vis\u00e9.<\/li><li><strong>Lettre \u00e0 la r\u00e9daction&nbsp;: <\/strong>forme courte d\u2019article \u00e9crit par les lecteurs soumise \u00e0 la revue, correspondant \u00e0 une opinion sur un article.<\/li><li>Autres : chaque revue a ses propres cat\u00e9gories d&rsquo;articles avec ses propres r\u00e8gles \u00e9ditoriales.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Les exercices&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<p>[toggle title='\u00a0\u00bbPrescrire:\u00a0Identifier la question pos\u00e9e par les auteur\u00a0\u00bb&lsquo;]<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/0DB3CB30BE129FBFE7F9385D908BFA5E\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b01 &#8211; \u00c0 la recherche du crit\u00e8re pertinent\u2026 pour les patients<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/FC1E57E46571BBDE85B841C4DCFB6732\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b03 &#8211; Quand deux pr\u00e9cautions valent mieux qu\u2019une<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/576DFF3C098FCA73FDF2D4716484E3C9\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b04 &#8211; Distinguer \u00e9valuation de l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 et \u00e9valuation de l\u2019utilit\u00e9<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/BD70F92031B3C56840A0A7129632F115\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b010 &#8211; Modifier le protocole d&rsquo;un essai pour mieux r\u00e9ussir\u00a0; mais r\u00e9ussir quoi\u00a0?<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/4CEF8526B5C361D0A1621CD37B8F62C7\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b013 &#8211; Synth\u00e8ses avec m\u00e9ta-analyse\u00a0: avec m\u00e9thode, mais pas sans biais\u00a0?<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/D2999A2B4BE27B81833756DD92B7A936\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b015 &#8211; Oeufs brouill\u00e9s<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/EB64A63A0D60149547073CF3710FAC9A\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b016 &#8211; Secouez, secouez, il finira bien par en sortir quelque chose<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/7B04205FF62355ED0E92C7CC50A2EDE6\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b019 &#8211; Ne pas fausser la balance b\u00e9n\u00e9fices-risques<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/B636315CE382A99421D6C52AC351F93A\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b021 &#8211; Un assemblage fragile<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/2B5EE0FEBE12EDB7445C75ECD28113E4\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b024 &#8211; R\u00e9sum\u00e9\u00a0: l&rsquo;essentiel est ailleurs <\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/8376F985669D0D761623D94688D05076\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b028 &#8211; G\u00e9rer l&rsquo;incertitude dans l&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat des patients<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/36F006FA41A9AF04360B99AA487C3B7B\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b030 &#8211; Peut mieux faire<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/D09F398DB7103C7948D0C381F7BACB05\/Download.aspx\">Exercice N\u00b031 &#8211; Ajuster avant de peser<br \/>\n<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/7F19BBE81CCA0189FAC8EC7545D2BCE5\/Download.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Exercice N\u00b032 &#8211; Un vaccin, pour quoi faire\u00a0?<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/967211CF76811E81FB625FF51DFE054A\/Download.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Exercice N\u00b033 &#8211; Chasse aux biais\u00a0!<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/F31F560212FF66080B77A773180C728D\/Download.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Exercice N\u00b039 &#8211;\u00a0Baisser le filet pour mieux jouer\u00a0?<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/53803BAF85A68B06B70637C4355DFA66\/Download.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><br \/>\n<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/B6F0C41EEF13534EB9096721DFEA8774\/Download.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Exercice N\u00b040 &#8211; Un million en quatre semaines<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/53803BAF85A68B06B70637C4355DFA66\/Download.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><br \/>\n<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/F92098E8DCE79167B4D16D093275B814\/Download.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Exercice N\u00b041 &#8211; Remplacer les absents<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/82E7E369C89452F65907BAD001498CEC\/Download.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Exercice N\u00b045 &#8211; Ne pas prendre des vessies pour des lanternes<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[\/toggle]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n\n<div id='zp-InTextBib-zotpress-e6e99b6c6277bc74badbc9a708b63a75' class='zp-Zotpress zp-Zotpress-InTextBib wp-block-group zp-Post-80'>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ITEM_KEY ZP_ATTR\">{1093634:N76WK7HH}<\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_STYLE ZP_ATTR\">vancouver<\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SORTBY ZP_ATTR\">default<\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ORDER ZP_ATTR\">asc<\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TITLE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWIMAGE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWTAGS ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_DOWNLOADABLE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_NOTES ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ABSTRACT ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_CITEABLE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TARGET ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_URLWRAP ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_FORCENUM ZP_ATTR\">0<\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_HIGHLIGHT ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_POSTID ZP_ATTR\">80<\/span><div class='zp-List loading'>\n<div class=\"zp-SEO-Content\">\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ZP_JSON 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id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-WSNAV6FU\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">3.7\u2013.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-5C83BXKP\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">13.4% of participants fell within the KDIGO 2012 moderate risk CKD, 0.9\u20135.6% within the high-risk group and 0.3\u20134.8% within the very high-risk group.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-U7VZZSRR\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Orlandi PF, Huang J, Fukagawa M, et al. A collaborative, individual-level analysis compared longitudinal outcomes across the International Network of Chronic Kidney Disease (iNETCKD) cohorts. Kidney Int. 2019;96:1217\u201333.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-QHKDBIRN\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Fig. 3 Prevalence of each KDIGO 2012 category in general population samples.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-3AV944QR\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Applying KDIGO criteria, 450 (50%) were defined as moderate risk, 86 (10%) high risk and 69 (8%) very high risk. 33% did not have a uACR recorded to determine risk.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-SV3FU3SI\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">905 patients met the inclusion criteria (6% of the population).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-A5AQC9BH\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">14,525 patients.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-89KGJRJM\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Primary Care software to extract data.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-DBQ2BIYD\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Introducing a Cardiovascular Renal Metabolic Service to Optimise the\u00a0 Management of Chronic Kidney Disease in Primary Care. An Interface\u00a0 Project.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-5JGW36MF\" data-zp-author-date='Linden-et-al.-2025-04-09' data-zp-date-author='2025-04-09-Linden-et-al.' data-zp-date='2025-04-09' data-zp-year='2025' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Linden P, Leonard N, Conlan J. Introducing a Cardiovascular Renal Metabolic Service to Optimise the Management of Chronic Kidney Disease in Primary Care. An Interface Project. | International Journal of Integrated Care. 2025 Apr 9 [cited 2025 Sept 24]; Available from: <a class='zp-ItemURL' href='https:\/\/ijic.org\/articles\/10.5334\/ijic.ICIC24496'>https:\/\/ijic.org\/articles\/10.5334\/ijic.ICIC24496<\/a><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-NVMSN59U\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">public and private facilities.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-LCD6B632\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Risk profile, quality of life and care of patients with moderate\u00a0 and advanced CKD: The French CKD-REIN Cohort Study.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-HNV9NLBN\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Overall distribution according to KDIGO 2012 risk groups showed 7.4% at low or moderate, 15.8% at high and 65.5% at very high risk, while 11.2% were unclassified due to missing albuminuria (Figure 1.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-PWNAZUB3\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">23. Stengel B, Metzger M, Combe C, et al. Risk profile, quality of life and care of patients with moderate and advanced CKD: the French CKD-REIN Cohort Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2019;34:277\u201386.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-N3XZWQ6Z\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">participants fell within the KDIGO 2012 lowrisk group, 3.7\u201313.4% within the moderately increased risk group, 0.9\u20135.6% within the highrisk group and 0.3\u20134.8% within the very highrisk group.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-4UVS3FK9\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">ost fell within the KDIGO 2012 low-risk or moderate-risk groups, with 0.9\u20135.6% in the high-risk and 0.3\u20134.8% in the very high-risk groups.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-5HMBESS2\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">revalence of CKD (GFR categories G3\u20135), ranging from 2% to 17%.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-NV9HSB6Q\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Adv Ther (2021).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-MGJR4HRT\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease by KDIGO Categories of Glomerular Filtration Rate and Albuminuria: A Systematic Review.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-DU57T8ZR\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">1.1).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-ZFMNHDA9\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">6.5.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-N76RFVZP\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">23.8.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-GBEQF7IT\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">68.6.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-BI3X9KPE\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">CKD stage at first qualifying eGFR measurement.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-CJTBKVAG\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">testing within 6 months of CKD diagnosis.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-H4QWENIJ\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">6529 patients with CKD (18.4%) received follow-up urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-LGFJ5SMF\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">With Diabetes and Hypertension (n = 14 859 [32.2%]).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-9S49AALH\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">With Diabetes (n = 6770 [14.7%]).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-K3T2S85Z\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">6770 (14.7%) had diabetes without\u00a0 hypertension, 16 930 (36.7%) had hypertension only, and 14 859 (32.2%) had both diabetes and\u00a0 hypertension.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-UG4DEHZK\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">56.0).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-4QZLLW6E\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">69.2 (14.0).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-BNCZ2LB4\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">6 162 patients (mean [SD] age, 69.2 [14.0] years; 25 855\u00a0 [56.0%] female) from primary care practices.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-CGQT4G2Q\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Only 6529 patients (18.4%) with CKD received a urine albumin test within 6\u00a0 months of CKD diagnosis,.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-TUV5J634\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">with stage 3 to 5 CKD.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-CUF55GJJ\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">46 162 patients (mean [SD] age, 69.2 [14.0].<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-DJBBP6YY\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">2019.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-6W74YU8A\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Quality of Chronic Kidney Disease Management\u00a0 in Canadian Primary Care.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-8QNE6QDR\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Electronic medical\u00a0 record.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-G88L2LIA\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">\u2022 The estimated prevalence of CKD in France at 8%\u201310% is close to that expected.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-WZ4EFDPU\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">n France, the MONALISA study using three representative cross-sectional surveys in subjects aged 35\u201374.9 years estimated the CKD prevalence at 8.2% (95% CI, 7.4\u20138.9%).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-2XNSCD9A\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">18% of individuals treated for diabetes.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-MX9VFK4H\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">54% women.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-AFM6WFE2\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">in the \u2018likely\u2019 group.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-L4NFTMBB\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">in the \u2018certain\u2019 group, 68 years.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-XHQDQ6SU\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">The median age was 67 years.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-AWDYR4TG\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">n 2021, representing an estimated prevalence in the general population increasing from 8.1% to 10.5%.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-HLH5VSDX\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">RENALGO-EXPERT algorithm identified 4.5% of the volunteers in the CONSTANCES as CKD.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-6KVQUSUJ\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">the estimated prevalence in the SNDS increased from 8.1% to 10.5%.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-7PEZ4939\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">CONSTANCES.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-80-1093634-XJRBALW5\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">SNDS.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem --><\/div><!-- .zp-zp-SEO-Content -->\n<\/div><!-- .zp-List --><\/div><!--.zp-Zotpress-->\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9laboration d&rsquo;une question de recherche permet de r\u00e9pondre de mani\u00e8re concr\u00e8te \u00e0 un probl\u00e8me auquel est confront\u00e9 un chercheur. Ce probl\u00e8me correspond \u00e0 une situation o\u00f9 les connaissances scientifiques ne permettent pas de r\u00e9pondre partiellement ou compl\u00e8tement \u00e0 cette probl\u00e9matique. \u00c0 partir de ce probl\u00e8me, le chercheur va identifier plusieurs questions de recherche. Pour chaque [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":147,"menu_order":10,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-80","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Identifier la question et classer les types d&#039;\u00e9tude - LEPCAM<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Identifier la question pos\u00e9e par les auteurs dans les articles et d\u00e9terminer le type d&#039;article qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9 pour y r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 l&#039;aide d&#039;un algorithme.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/type-etude\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Identifier la question et classer les types d&#039;\u00e9tude - 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