{"id":768,"date":"2016-04-30T15:36:23","date_gmt":"2016-04-30T14:36:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lepcam.fr\/?page_id=768"},"modified":"2022-02-08T18:42:41","modified_gmt":"2022-02-08T17:42:41","slug":"id_quali","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/id_quali\/","title":{"rendered":"Elaborer une question de recherche et trouver le type d&rsquo;\u00e9tude (3)"},"content":{"rendered":"<hr \/>\n<h1 id=\"quali\">IV. \u00c9tude qualitative<\/h1>\n<p>La recherche qualitative est une m\u00e9thodologie de recherche tr\u00e8s peu enseign\u00e9e en sant\u00e9 (hors programme de l&rsquo;ECN pour les \u00e9tudiants en m\u00e9decine). Permettant de combler les limites de la recherche quantitative, cette m\u00e9thodologie se d\u00e9veloppe progressivement\u00a0gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la mobilisation\u00a0des universitaires (cf. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.redactionmedicale.fr\/\">l&rsquo;article<\/a> de Herv\u00e9 Maisonneuve).<\/p>\n<p>Je vous incite \u00e0 lire\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bichat-larib.com\/publications.documents\/3446_2008_introduction__RQ__Exercer.pdf\">cet article de la revue Exercer<\/a>\u00a0<span class=\"zp-InText-zp-ID--1093634-VUDSB38I--wp768 zp-InText-Citation loading\" rel=\"{ 'pages': 'np', 'items': '{1093634:VUDSB38I}', 'format': '(%num%)', 'brackets': '', 'etal': '', 'separator': '', 'and': '' }\"><\/span> \u00e9crit avec le\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.groumf.fr\/fr\/pag-524752-La-Recherche-qualitative.html\">GROUM-F <\/a>(GROupe Universitaire de recherche qualitative Me\u0301dicale Francophone), sur lequel je me suis largement inspir\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"generalite\">A. G\u00e9n\u00e9ralit\u00e9s<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"def\">1. D\u00e9finition<\/h3>\n<p>Une \u00e9tude qualitative \u00e9value des <strong>opinions, croyances, sentiments<\/strong> de personnes ou de petits groupes de personnes sur un sujet clairement d\u00e9limit\u00e9. Elle fait appel \u00e0 des m\u00e9thodes qualitatives telles que l\u2019observation, l\u2019interview, l\u2019observation participative, le focus group et \u00e0 des m\u00e9thodes consensuelles (Delphi). Les r\u00e9sultats d\u2019une recherche qualitative ne sont <strong>pas exprim\u00e9s en chiffres<\/strong> et ne sont <strong>pas \u00e0 g\u00e9n\u00e9raliser<\/strong><span class=\"zp-InText-zp-ID--1093634-3KAEN8GR--wp768 zp-InText-Citation loading\" rel=\"{ 'pages': 'np', 'items': '{1093634:3KAEN8GR}', 'format': '(%num%)', 'brackets': '', 'etal': '', 'separator': '', 'and': '' }\"><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p><em>Exemples de 2 situations sous le regard de la recherche quantitative et qualitative :<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>L&rsquo;antibioth\u00e9rapie dans le traitement des bronchites.<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Une \u00e9tude quantitative pourra \u00e9valuer \u00ab\u00a0l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 et la tol\u00e9rance de l&rsquo;antibiotique dans la bronchite\u00a0\u00bb.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Une \u00e9tude qualitative permettra d&rsquo;explorer \u00ab\u00a0pourquoi les m\u00e9decins prescrivent un antibiotique dans la bronchite\u00a0\u00bb.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><em>Le syndrome de stress post-traumatique (PTSD en anglais).<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Une \u00e9tude quantitative pourra \u00e9valuer le \u00ab\u00a0taux de PTSD en cabinet de m\u00e9decine g\u00e9n\u00e9rale\u00a0\u00bb<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Une \u00e9tude qualitative permettra\u00a0de comprendre \u00ab\u00a0les obstacles \u00e0 l&rsquo;identification du PTSD dans la patient\u00e8le de m\u00e9decine g\u00e9n\u00e9rale\u00a0\u00bb<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"pourquoi\">2. Pourquoi la recherche qualitative ?<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Les m\u00e9thodes de recherche quantitative ne permettent pas de r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 toutes les questions<\/strong> de recherche. Issue historiquement des sciences humaines et sociales, la recherche qualitative permet de combler ce manque.<\/p>\n<p>Souvent qualifi\u00e9e de \u00ab\u00a0non scientifique\u00a0\u00bb et d\u00e9nigr\u00e9e par certains universitaires, elle n&rsquo;est pas enseign\u00e9e durant les \u00e9tudes de m\u00e9decine sauf durant le DES de m\u00e9decine g\u00e9n\u00e9rale. Elle suit pourtant la <strong>m\u00eame d\u00e9marche\u00a0scientifique<\/strong> que la recherche quantitative, \u00e0 savoir l&rsquo;\u00e9laboration d&rsquo;une question de recherche, puis la r\u00e9alisation d&rsquo;un protocole de recherche avec une m\u00e9thodologie particuli\u00e8re (cf. en dessous).<\/p>\n<p>Cette m\u00e9thodologie peut apporter de nombreuses donn\u00e9es et est particuli\u00e8rement pertinente dans certains champs :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Soit pour des raisons scientifiques\u00a0: dans l\u2019exploratoire, quand les donn\u00e9es n\u2019ont pas \u00e9t\u00e9 encore explor\u00e9es ou sont peu connues sur un sujet<\/li>\n<li>Soit dans l&rsquo;exploration des opinions, des croyances, du ressenti, des repr\u00e9sentations\u2026<\/li>\n<li>Soit dans des domaines int\u00e9grant des perspectives multiples (pr\u00e9carit\u00e9, syst\u00e8mes complexes\u2026)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"dif\">3. Quelle diff\u00e9rence avec la recherche quantitative ?<\/h3>\n<p>Sans \u00eatre en opposition, ces 2 m\u00e9thodes sont <strong>compl\u00e9mentaires\u00a0<\/strong>et peuvent parfois <strong>se succ\u00e9der<\/strong> dans un travail de recherche. Alors\u00a0que la recherche quantitative compte et mesure des d\u00e9terminants de sant\u00e9, la recherche qualitative tente de comprendre le comportement des acteurs de sant\u00e9, la rendant particuli\u00e8rement <strong>adapt\u00e9e<\/strong> lorsque les <strong>facteurs observ\u00e9s sont subjectifs.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Paul Van Royen propose un tableau pour diff\u00e9rencier ces 2 m\u00e9thodes <span class=\"zp-InText-zp-ID--1093634-UV5GEH4I--wp768 zp-InText-Citation loading\" rel=\"{ 'pages': 'np', 'items': '{1093634:UV5GEH4I}', 'format': '(%num%)', 'brackets': '', 'etal': '', 'separator': '', 'and': '' }\"><\/span> :<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"226\"><strong>Quantitative<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"226\"><strong>Qualitative<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"226\">Questions plut\u00f4t biom\u00e9dicales<\/td>\n<td width=\"226\">Plut\u00f4t adapt\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude de ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes sociaux<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"226\">Mesure, quantifie des variables<\/td>\n<td width=\"226\">Explore l\u2019existence et la signification de ces ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"226\">Relation causales entre des variables<\/td>\n<td width=\"226\">Compr\u00e9hension du contexte<\/p>\n<p>\u00c9tude des sujets dans leur environnement<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"226\">Teste des hypoth\u00e8ses<\/td>\n<td width=\"226\">Cr\u00e9e des hypoth\u00e8ses<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"226\">M\u00e9thode d\u00e9ductive<\/td>\n<td width=\"226\">M\u00e9thode inductive<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00c0 savoir, une nouvelle cat\u00e9gorie d&rsquo;\u00e9tude \u00e9merge : les \u00e9tudes mixtes. En associant de la m\u00e9thodologie qualitative et quantitative, elles tendent \u00e0 pallier les lacunes de chacune.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Quels crit\u00e8res de validit\u00e9 ?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Difficile d&rsquo;\u00e9tablir des grilles d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de validit\u00e9 comme on peut en trouver en recherche quantitative (ex.: CONSORT\u2026). N\u00e9anmoins les \u00e9tudes qualitatives doivent \u00eatre \u00e9valu\u00e9es autant sur la validit\u00e9 interne (<strong>standardisation des questionnaires, m\u00e9thode de triangulation<\/strong>) que la validit\u00e9 externe. Comme pour la recherche quantitative, des grilles r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9es par equator-network.org \u00e9valuant la qualit\u00e9 existent comme <a href=\"https:\/\/www.equator-network.org\/reporting-guidelines\/coreq\/\">COREQ<\/a> ou <a href=\"https:\/\/www.equator-network.org\/?post_type=eq_guidelines&amp;eq_guidelines_study_design=quality-improvement-studies&amp;eq_guidelines_clinical_specialty=0&amp;eq_guidelines_report_section=0&amp;s=+\">SQUIRE<\/a>.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"etape\">B. Principales \u00e9tapes et classification<\/h2>\n<p>Comme pour les \u00e9tudes quantitatives, la recherche qualitative se d\u00e9compose en plusieurs \u00e9tapes. \u00c0 chaque \u00e9tape, des choix m\u00e9thodologiques seront effectu\u00e9s permettant de distinguer plusieurs cat\u00e9gories d&rsquo;\u00e9tudes qualitatives :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><u>De l&rsquo;id\u00e9e \u00e0 la recherche documentaire<\/u> : <strong>revue de la litt\u00e9rature<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><u>Identifier la question et le type d\u2019\u00e9tude adapt\u00e9<\/u> :\u00a0<strong>choisir la m\u00e9thode th\u00e9orique<\/strong>\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nologie<\/strong> : compr\u00e9hension de l&rsquo;essence de l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience des gens et des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9tude de cas<\/strong> : investigation de ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes contemporains dans leur contexte de vie.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ethnographie<\/strong> : immersion du chercheur dans la vie des sujets \u00e9tudi\u00e9s et place du\u00a0ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne \u00e9tudi\u00e9 dans le contexte social et culturel<\/li>\n<li><strong>Biographie<\/strong> : chronologie d\u2019exp\u00e9riences de vie<\/li>\n<li><strong>Th\u00e9orie ancr\u00e9e<\/strong> : construction de\u00a0la th\u00e9orie \u00e0 partir des donn\u00e9es recueillies. Parfois utilis\u00e9e de fa\u00e7on plus g\u00e9n\u00e9rique pour d\u00e9signer la construction\u00a0th\u00e9orique faite \u00e0 partir de l\u2019analyse des donn\u00e9es qualitatives.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><u>\u00c9laborer un protocole avec \u00e9laboration d&rsquo;un \u00e9chantillon<\/u> dit <strong>\u00ab\u00a0en recherche de variation maximale\u00a0\u00bb<\/strong>\u00a0(ou \u00ab\u00a0diversifi\u00e9e\u00a0\u00bb) et non pas repr\u00e9sentatif de la population.<\/li>\n<li><u>Recueil et saisie des donn\u00e9es<\/u> : choisir la <strong>technique\u00a0de recueil\u00a0de donn\u00e9es\u00a0<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Entretiens<\/strong> :\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Structur\u00e9s<\/strong> : guide d\u2019entretien structur\u00e9 (se rapprochant du questionnaire)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Semi-structur\u00e9s<\/strong> : questions \u00e0 r\u00e9ponses ouvertes sous forme d\u2019un guide comportant des th\u00e9matiques, avec grandes questions et pr\u00e9visions de relances \u00e9ventuelles. Le guide sera amen\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00eatre modifi\u00e9 au fur et \u00e0 mesure de la r\u00e9alisation des entretiens. Les entretiens ne sont pas r\u00e9alis\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re syst\u00e9matis\u00e9e, mais dans le cadre d\u2019une relation et d\u2019un dialogue avec l\u2019interview\u00e9, le cheminement des questions s\u2019adaptant au fil de la discussion<\/li>\n<li><strong>Approfondies<\/strong> :\u00a01 ou 2 points \u00e9tudi\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on tr\u00e8s d\u00e9taill\u00e9e. Les questions sont initi\u00e9es \u00e0 partir de ce que dit l\u2019interview\u00e9. Il n\u2019existe quasiment pas de guide. Ce type d\u2019entretien n\u00e9cessite une certaine exp\u00e9rience dans le domaine de la recherche qualitative.<\/li>\n<li><strong>De groupes (<em>focus groups)<\/em><\/strong><em>\u00a0<\/em>:\u00a08 \u00e0 10 personnes rassembl\u00e9es autour d\u2019un sujet avec un animateur et un\u00a0observateur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Observation<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Directe\u00a0:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Participante\u00a0<\/strong>: l\u2019observateur a un r\u00f4le pr\u00e9cis<\/li>\n<li><strong>Non participante\u00a0<\/strong>: l\u2019observateur a un r\u00f4le passif, ext\u00e9rieur<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Indirecte\u00a0<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Analyse documentaire\u00a0<\/strong>: r\u00e9alisation d\u2019une recherche documentaire exhaustive<\/li>\n<li><strong>Analyse de transcription\u00a0<\/strong>: analyse d\u2019enregistrement audio ou vid\u00e9o<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u00e9thodes de consensus<\/strong> :\n<ul>\n<li><strong>M\u00e9thode Delphi<\/strong> : les participants ne se r\u00e9unissent jamais. Pas de limitation de nombre et de lieu. Toutes les discussions\u00a0sont faites par Internet ou par courrier postal.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Groupe nominal<\/strong> :\u00a08 \u00e0 12 personnes sont r\u00e9unies. 1\u00e8re\u00a0\u00e9tape :\u00a0relev\u00e9 des points principaux du sujet travaill\u00e9. Une \u00e9chelle de Lickert\u00a0est ensuite renseign\u00e9e par les participants pour chacun des items. Les r\u00e9ponses sont regroup\u00e9es et permettent une hi\u00e9rarchisation\u00a0de chaque item.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><u>Analyse des r\u00e9sultats<\/u> : ne comprenant\u00a0pas de nombre, <strong>on ne r\u00e9alise pas de statistique<\/strong>. Le texte est cod\u00e9 dans un logiciel, d\u00e9coup\u00e9 en fragments puis r\u00e9arrang\u00e9 en cat\u00e9gories pour faire ressortir des th\u00e8mes. Ensuite, les th\u00e8mes\u00a0vont \u00eatre organis\u00e9s en concepts puis une association entre ces items est \u00e9tablie jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 la proposition\u00a0d&rsquo;une th\u00e9orie explicative. Le chapitre sur \u00ab\u00a0l&rsquo;analyse des r\u00e9sultats\u00a0\u00bb d\u00e9taille ces m\u00e9thodes.\n<ul>\n<li><strong>La th\u00e9orie ancr\u00e9e<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>La ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nologie interpr\u00e9tative (IPA)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>L\u2019analyse du discours<\/li>\n<li>L\u2019ethnographie<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h1 id=\"synthese\">VI. Synth\u00e8se des connaissances<\/h1>\n<p>D\u00e9finition\u00a0: D\u00e9marche scientifique permettant de<strong> localiser, analyser et synth\u00e9tiser (ou int\u00e9grer) les connaissances<\/strong> relatives \u00e0 une question ou un champ particulier.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c0 la fin du 21<sup>\u00e8me<\/sup> si\u00e8cle, la publication de recherches m\u00e9dicales s&rsquo;est accrue de mani\u00e8re\u00a0exponentielle. Devant l\u2019accumulation de ce savoir, il a fallu d\u00e9velopper des m\u00e9thodes de synth\u00e8se. Il en existe de nombreuses en fonction de la nature des donn\u00e9es des \u00e9tudes (qualitatif\/quantitatif) et de la nature des m\u00e9thodes (agr\u00e9gative, interpr\u00e9tative, mixte).<\/p>\n<p>Vous trouvez ci-dessous un r\u00e9sum\u00e9 des principales m\u00e9thodes inspir\u00e9 d&rsquo;un livre qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois <span class=\"zp-InText-zp-ID--1093634-MJBA3A6I--wp768 zp-InText-Citation loading\" rel=\"{ 'pages': 'np', 'items': '{1093634:MJBA3A6I}', 'format': '(%num%)', 'brackets': '', 'etal': '', 'separator': '', 'and': '' }\"><\/span>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>M\u00e9thodes agr\u00e9gatives :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Quantitative<\/em>\u00a0: \u00e0 l\u2019aide de <strong>m\u00e9ta-analyse<\/strong>, on combine les r\u00e9sultats statistiques de plusieurs \u00e9tudes.<\/li>\n<li><em>Qualitative<\/em>\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>par une <strong>analyse comparative qualitative<\/strong> ou l\u2019approche de Bayes, on proc\u00e8de \u00e0 une conversion des donn\u00e9es qualitatives en quantitatives.<\/li>\n<li>Par la m\u00e9thode du <strong>m\u00e9ta-sommaire qualitatif<\/strong>, on extrait les r\u00e9sultats, on les regroupe en cat\u00e9gories conceptuelles puis on calcule des fr\u00e9quences et des intensit\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u00e9thodes interpr\u00e9tatives\u00a0:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Quantitative<\/em>\u00a0: la <strong>synth\u00e8se narrative<\/strong>. On organise les \u00e9tudes en cat\u00e9gories logiques, on les d\u00e9crit puis on synth\u00e9tise les r\u00e9sultats.<\/li>\n<li><em>Qualitative<\/em>\u00a0: on rassemble les \u00e9tudes, on les superpose puis on les analyse \u00e0 nouveau afin d\u2019obtenir de nouvelles id\u00e9es conceptuelles, de nouvelles explications th\u00e9oriques ou une nouvelle interpr\u00e9tation d\u2019un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne.\n<ul>\n<li><strong>M\u00e9ta-analyse qualitative\u00a0:<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u00e9ta-\u00e9tude<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u00e9ta-synth\u00e8se qualitative<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u00e9ta-ethnographie<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u00e9thodes mixtes\u00a0<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>Ces \u00e9tudes combinent au sein d\u2019une m\u00eame \u00e9tude, des donn\u00e9es qualitatives et quantitatives.\n<ul>\n<li>Synth\u00e8se multi-niveau<\/li>\n<li>Synth\u00e8se parall\u00e8le<\/li>\n<li>Mixed-methods systematic review<\/li>\n<li>Synth\u00e8se r\u00e9aliste<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"syst\">A. Revue syst\u00e9matique<\/h2>\n<p>D\u00e9finition\u00a0:<strong>\u00a0rassemblement, \u00e9valuation et synth\u00e8se des r\u00e9sultats<\/strong> des investigations initiales soulevant un probl\u00e8me ou un sujet particulier et utilisant un <strong>protocole<\/strong> structur\u00e9 et rigoureux<span class=\"zp-InText-zp-ID--1093634-UM3AGQZ3--wp768 zp-InText-Citation loading\" rel=\"{ 'pages': 'np', 'items': '{1093634:UM3AGQZ3}', 'format': '(%num%)', 'brackets': '', 'etal': '', 'separator': '', 'and': '' }\"><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Anglais\u00a0: <em>systematic review<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Le but d\u2019une revue syst\u00e9matique est un r\u00e9sum\u00e9 qualitatif complet et exhaustif de la litt\u00e9rature concernant une question de recherche.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ne pas confondre avec\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>M\u00e9ta-analyse\u00a0: elle donne un r\u00e9sultat quantitatif global des \u00e9tudes s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9es<\/li>\n<li>Revue par les pairs (peer review)\u00a0: analyse critique de travaux de recherche par des pairs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>La <strong>Cochrane collaboration<\/strong> est un regroupement de plus de 30 000 professionnels de sant\u00e9 qui dirige des revues syst\u00e9matiques dans tous les domaines de la sant\u00e9. C\u2019est le principal journal des revues syst\u00e9matiques.<\/p>\n<p>Elle a r\u00e9dig\u00e9 un guide pour la r\u00e9alisation des revues syst\u00e9matiques <span class=\"zp-InText-zp-ID--1093634-TJCPGE3R--wp768 zp-InText-Citation loading\" rel=\"{ 'pages': 'np', 'items': '{1093634:TJCPGE3R}', 'format': '(%num%)', 'brackets': '', 'etal': '', 'separator': '', 'and': '' }\"><\/span>\u00a0et propose <strong>8 grandes \u00e9tapes\u00a0<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>D\u00e9finition de la question de recherche et des crit\u00e8res d\u2019inclusion des \u00e9tudes<\/li>\n<li>R\u00e9cup\u00e9rer les \u00e9tudes<\/li>\n<li>S\u00e9lectionner les \u00e9tudes et recueillir les donn\u00e9es<\/li>\n<li>\u00c9valuer le risque de biais dans les \u00e9tudes<\/li>\n<li>Analyser les donn\u00e9es (et r\u00e9aliser la m\u00e9ta-analyse)<\/li>\n<li>\u00c9valuer les biais de la revue syst\u00e9matique<\/li>\n<li>Pr\u00e9senter les r\u00e9sultats et les tableaux<\/li>\n<li>Interpr\u00e9ter les r\u00e9sultats et en tirer des conclusions.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>NB\u00a0: En partenariat avec la Cochrane France, le D\u00e9partement de M\u00e9decine G\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Paris Descartes s\u00e9lectionne et traduit tous les mois les r\u00e9sum\u00e9s pertinents pour les m\u00e9decins g\u00e9n\u00e9ralistes.<\/p>\n<p>La qualit\u00e9 d&rsquo;une analyse syst\u00e9matique peut \u00eatre \u00e9valu\u00e9e gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la <strong>grille PRISMA<\/strong> accessible sur le site d\u2019equator-network.org en anglais ou en <a href=\"https:\/\/www.em-consulte.com:443\/showarticlefile\/949713\/main.pdf\">fran\u00e7ais<\/a><span class=\"zp-InText-zp-ID--1093634-GZR3VJIF--wp768 zp-InText-Citation loading\" rel=\"{ 'pages': 'np', 'items': '{1093634:GZR3VJIF}', 'format': '(%num%)', 'brackets': '', 'etal': '', 'separator': '', 'and': '' }\"><\/span>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"meta\">B. M\u00e9ta-analyse<\/h2>\n<p>D\u00e9finition :<strong> technique statistique qui r\u00e9sume les r\u00e9sultats de plusieurs \u00e9tudes en une seule estimation<\/strong>, ce qui donne plus de poids aux r\u00e9sultats des grandes \u00e9tudes<span class=\"zp-InText-zp-ID--1093634-UM3AGQZ3--wp768 zp-InText-Citation loading\" rel=\"{ 'pages': 'np', 'items': '{1093634:UM3AGQZ3}', 'format': '(%num%)', 'brackets': '', 'etal': '', 'separator': '', 'and': '' }\"><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Objectif\u00a0<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p>Localiser et synth\u00e9tiser les donn\u00e9es quantitatives issues de la litt\u00e9rature de recherche disponible \u00e0 un moment donn\u00e9, sur un probl\u00e8me particulier, d\u2019une part, et \u00e0 analyser les tendances centrales et les variations des r\u00e9sultats d\u2019un ensemble d\u2019\u00e9tudes en corrigeant les erreurs et les biais des \u00e9tudes individuelles, d\u2019autre part<span class=\"zp-InText-zp-ID--1093634-MJBA3A6I--wp768 zp-InText-Citation loading\" rel=\"{ 'pages': 'np', 'items': '{1093634:MJBA3A6I}', 'format': '(%num%)', 'brackets': '', 'etal': '', 'separator': '', 'and': '' }\"><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Principales questions de recherche\u00a0:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>D\u00e9terminer la tendance centrale ou la distribution d\u2019une variable<em>. Ex.\u00a0: Taux de diab\u00e9tiques suivis uniquement par leur m\u00e9decin g\u00e9n\u00e9raliste.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>D\u00e9terminer la force et la direction de l\u2019association entre 2 variables. <em>Ex.\u00a0: Corr\u00e9lation entre le MMSE (Mini-Mental Statement Evaluation) et le risque de d\u00e9c\u00e8s dans l\u2019ann\u00e9e.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Synth\u00e9tiser les effets de plusieurs interventions. <em>Ex.\u00a0: Impact des r\u00e8gles hygi\u00e9no-di\u00e9t\u00e9tiques dans la morbimortalit\u00e9 cardiovasculaire.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Explorer les facteurs associ\u00e9s \u00e0 la variation des effets des interventions.<em> Ex.\u00a0: Examiner si le taux de r\u00e9ussite du sevrage alcoolique varie en fonction caract\u00e9ristique des patients et de leur m\u00e9decin traitant ainsi que de la structure (ambulatoire ou hospitali\u00e8re) qui le prend en charge.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Avantages et inconv\u00e9nients\u00a0:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Avantages\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Augmentation de la <strong>puissance<\/strong> statistique<\/li>\n<li>Permet une <strong>synth\u00e8se<\/strong> des diff\u00e9rents effets associ\u00e9s \u00e0 une intervention pr\u00e9cise.<\/li>\n<li>Permet d\u2019explorer les \u00e9l\u00e9ments (population, intervention, conditions\u2026) les plus associ\u00e9s \u00e0 la r\u00e9ussite d\u2019une <strong>intervention.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Diminue le risque de <strong>biais<\/strong> et d\u2019erreur des \u00e9tudes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Inconv\u00e9nient\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Comparaison d\u2019\u00e9tudes trop <strong>h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8nes<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Agr\u00e9gation de r\u00e9sultats d\u2019\u00e9tudes dont la <strong>qualit\u00e9 m\u00e9thodologique est diff\u00e9rente<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Biais de publication<\/strong>\u00a0: la m\u00e9ta-analyse inclut surtout des \u00e9tudes publi\u00e9es qui sont plus susceptibles d\u2019avoir des r\u00e9sultats significatifs. Int\u00e9r\u00eat de consulter la litt\u00e9rature grise et de r\u00e9aliser un<strong> <em>funnel plot<\/em><\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Si une \u00e9tude de mauvaise qualit\u00e9 donne pour r\u00e9sultats plusieurs variables d\u00e9pendantes, cette multiplicit\u00e9 de donn\u00e9es non ind\u00e9pendante risque de biaiser l\u2019interpr\u00e9tation des r\u00e9sultats de la m\u00e9ta-analyse.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Principales \u00e9tapes\u00a0:<\/strong>\u00a0identiques \u00e0 celle propos\u00e9e par la\u00a0Cochrane.<\/p>\n<h2>C. Synth\u00e8se en recherche qualitative<\/h2>\n<p>Se r\u00e9f\u00e9rer au <a href=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/protocole_quali\/#consensus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">chapitre correspondant.<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h1 id=\"autre\">VII. Autres<\/h1>\n<h2 id=\"audit\">A. Audit clinique<\/h2>\n<p><em>En cours de r\u00e9daction<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"avant\" name=\"\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>B. Avant\/apr\u00e8s<\/h2>\n<p><em>En cours de r\u00e9daction<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"macro\" name=\"\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>C. \u00c9tudes macro-\u00e9conomiques<\/h2>\n<p><em>En cours de r\u00e9daction<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"qualite\" name=\"\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>D. \u00c9valuation de la qualit\u00e9 de soin<\/h2>\n<p><em>En cours de r\u00e9daction<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n\n<div id='zp-InTextBib-zotpress-48b59cd46053d1e3a600f894e22ea397' class='zp-Zotpress zp-Zotpress-InTextBib wp-block-group zp-Post-768'>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ITEM_KEY ZP_ATTR\">{1093634:VUDSB38I};{1093634:3KAEN8GR};{1093634:UV5GEH4I};{1093634:MJBA3A6I};{1093634:UM3AGQZ3};{1093634:TJCPGE3R};{1093634:GZR3VJIF};{1093634:UM3AGQZ3};{1093634:MJBA3A6I}<\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_STYLE ZP_ATTR\">vancouver<\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SORTBY ZP_ATTR\">default<\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ORDER ZP_ATTR\">asc<\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TITLE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWIMAGE 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id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-WSNAV6FU\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">3.7\u2013.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-5C83BXKP\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">13.4% of participants fell within the KDIGO 2012 moderate risk CKD, 0.9\u20135.6% within the high-risk group and 0.3\u20134.8% within the very high-risk group.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-U7VZZSRR\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Orlandi PF, Huang J, Fukagawa M, et al. A collaborative, individual-level analysis compared longitudinal outcomes across the International Network of Chronic Kidney Disease (iNETCKD) cohorts. Kidney Int. 2019;96:1217\u201333.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-QHKDBIRN\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Fig. 3 Prevalence of each KDIGO 2012 category in general population samples.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-3AV944QR\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Applying KDIGO criteria, 450 (50%) were defined as moderate risk, 86 (10%) high risk and 69 (8%) very high risk. 33% did not have a uACR recorded to determine risk.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-SV3FU3SI\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">905 patients met the inclusion criteria (6% of the population).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-A5AQC9BH\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">14,525 patients.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-89KGJRJM\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Primary Care software to extract data.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-DBQ2BIYD\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Introducing a Cardiovascular Renal Metabolic Service to Optimise the\u00a0 Management of Chronic Kidney Disease in Primary Care. An Interface\u00a0 Project.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-5JGW36MF\" data-zp-author-date='Linden-et-al.-2025-04-09' data-zp-date-author='2025-04-09-Linden-et-al.' data-zp-date='2025-04-09' data-zp-year='2025' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Linden P, Leonard N, Conlan J. Introducing a Cardiovascular Renal Metabolic Service to Optimise the Management of Chronic Kidney Disease in Primary Care. An Interface Project. | International Journal of Integrated Care. 2025 Apr 9 [cited 2025 Sept 24]; Available from: <a class=&#039;zp-ItemURL&#039; href=&#039;https:\/\/ijic.org\/articles\/10.5334\/ijic.ICIC24496&#039;>https:\/\/ijic.org\/articles\/10.5334\/ijic.ICIC24496<\/a><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-NVMSN59U\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">public and private facilities.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-LCD6B632\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Risk profile, quality of life and care of patients with moderate\u00a0 and advanced CKD: The French CKD-REIN Cohort Study.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-HNV9NLBN\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Overall distribution according to KDIGO 2012 risk groups showed 7.4% at low or moderate, 15.8% at high and 65.5% at very high risk, while 11.2% were unclassified due to missing albuminuria (Figure 1.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-PWNAZUB3\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">23. Stengel B, Metzger M, Combe C, et al. Risk profile, quality of life and care of patients with moderate and advanced CKD: the French CKD-REIN Cohort Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2019;34:277\u201386.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-N3XZWQ6Z\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">participants fell within the KDIGO 2012 lowrisk group, 3.7\u201313.4% within the moderately increased risk group, 0.9\u20135.6% within the highrisk group and 0.3\u20134.8% within the very highrisk group.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-4UVS3FK9\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">ost fell within the KDIGO 2012 low-risk or moderate-risk groups, with 0.9\u20135.6% in the high-risk and 0.3\u20134.8% in the very high-risk groups.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-5HMBESS2\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">revalence of CKD (GFR categories G3\u20135), ranging from 2% to 17%.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-NV9HSB6Q\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Adv Ther (2021).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-MGJR4HRT\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease by KDIGO Categories of Glomerular Filtration Rate and Albuminuria: A Systematic Review.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-DU57T8ZR\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">1.1).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-ZFMNHDA9\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">6.5.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-N76RFVZP\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">23.8.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-GBEQF7IT\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">68.6.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-BI3X9KPE\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">CKD stage at first qualifying eGFR measurement.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-CJTBKVAG\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">testing within 6 months of CKD diagnosis.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-H4QWENIJ\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">6529 patients with CKD (18.4%) received follow-up urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-LGFJ5SMF\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">With Diabetes and Hypertension (n = 14 859 [32.2%]).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-9S49AALH\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">With Diabetes (n = 6770 [14.7%]).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-K3T2S85Z\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">6770 (14.7%) had diabetes without\u00a0 hypertension, 16 930 (36.7%) had hypertension only, and 14 859 (32.2%) had both diabetes and\u00a0 hypertension.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-UG4DEHZK\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">56.0).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-4QZLLW6E\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">69.2 (14.0).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-BNCZ2LB4\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">6 162 patients (mean [SD] age, 69.2 [14.0] years; 25 855\u00a0 [56.0%] female) from primary care practices.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-CGQT4G2Q\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Only 6529 patients (18.4%) with CKD received a urine albumin test within 6\u00a0 months of CKD diagnosis,.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-TUV5J634\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">with stage 3 to 5 CKD.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-CUF55GJJ\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">46 162 patients (mean [SD] age, 69.2 [14.0].<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-DJBBP6YY\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">2019.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-6W74YU8A\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Quality of Chronic Kidney Disease Management\u00a0 in Canadian Primary Care.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-8QNE6QDR\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Electronic medical\u00a0 record.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-G88L2LIA\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">\u2022 The estimated prevalence of CKD in France at 8%\u201310% is close to that expected.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-WZ4EFDPU\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">n France, the MONALISA study using three representative cross-sectional surveys in subjects aged 35\u201374.9 years estimated the CKD prevalence at 8.2% (95% CI, 7.4\u20138.9%).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-2XNSCD9A\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">18% of individuals treated for diabetes.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-MX9VFK4H\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">54% women.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-AFM6WFE2\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">in the \u2018likely\u2019 group.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-L4NFTMBB\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">in the \u2018certain\u2019 group, 68 years.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-XHQDQ6SU\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">The median age was 67 years.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-AWDYR4TG\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">n 2021, representing an estimated prevalence in the general population increasing from 8.1% to 10.5%.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-HLH5VSDX\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">RENALGO-EXPERT algorithm identified 4.5% of the volunteers in the CONSTANCES as CKD.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-6KVQUSUJ\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">the estimated prevalence in the SNDS increased from 8.1% to 10.5%.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-7PEZ4939\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">CONSTANCES.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-768-1093634-XJRBALW5\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">SNDS.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem --><\/div><!-- .zp-zp-SEO-Content -->\n<\/div><!-- .zp-List --><\/div><!--.zp-Zotpress-->\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>IV. \u00c9tude qualitative La recherche qualitative est une m\u00e9thodologie de recherche tr\u00e8s peu enseign\u00e9e en sant\u00e9 (hors programme de l&rsquo;ECN pour les \u00e9tudiants en m\u00e9decine). Permettant de combler les limites de la recherche quantitative, cette m\u00e9thodologie se d\u00e9veloppe progressivement\u00a0gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la mobilisation\u00a0des universitaires (cf. l&rsquo;article de Herv\u00e9 Maisonneuve). Je vous incite \u00e0 lire\u00a0cet article de [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":147,"menu_order":12,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Etudes qualitatives et revues syst\u00e9matiques - LEPCAM<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ce chapitre aborde les diff\u00e9rents type d&#039;\u00e9tude en recherche qualitative, les diff\u00e9rences avec la recherche quantitative et les revues syst\u00e9matiques.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/id_quali\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Etudes qualitatives et revues syst\u00e9matiques - 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