{"id":154,"date":"2016-02-17T20:44:10","date_gmt":"2016-02-17T19:44:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lepcam.fr\/?page_id=154"},"modified":"2019-10-03T09:01:47","modified_gmt":"2019-10-03T08:01:47","slug":"stat","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/stat\/","title":{"rendered":"Analyse des r\u00e9sultats (1)"},"content":{"rendered":"<hr \/>\n<h1 id=\"base\">I. Les bases de l&rsquo;analyse statistique<\/h1>\n<h2>A. Probabilit\u00e9\u00a0et statistique<u><\/u><\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"va\">1. Variable al\u00e9atoire<\/h3>\n<p>Une variable al\u00e9atoire correspond \u00e0 l\u2019ensemble des r\u00e9sultats possible d\u2019une exp\u00e9rience al\u00e9atoire. En gros c\u2019est \u201cquelque chose dont il est impossible de pr\u00e9voir le r\u00e9sultat en avance\u201d<\/p>\n<p><em>Ex\u00a0: la variable al\u00e9atoire \u00ab\u00a0sexe\u00a0\u00bb pourra prendre pour valeur \u00ab\u00a0homme\u00a0\u00bb ou \u00ab\u00a0femme\u00a0\u00bb, la variable al\u00e9atoire \u00ab\u00a0poids\u00a0\u00bb pourra prendre pour valeur tout nombre entier &gt; 0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>On distingue quelques grandes cat\u00e9gories de variables al\u00e9atoires\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Toute grandeur physique qui peut \u00eatre <strong>mesur\u00e9e<\/strong>. <em>Ex\u00a0: taille, poids, dosage\u2026<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Tout ce qui peut \u00eatre <strong>chronom\u00e9tr\u00e9<\/strong>. <em>Ex\u00a0: dur\u00e9e d\u2019une consultation, d\u00e9lais d\u2019apparition d\u2019un \u00e9v\u00e9nement\u2026<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Tout ce qui peut \u00eatre <strong>compt\u00e9<\/strong>. <em>Ex\u00a0: nombre d\u2019escarre, nombre de r\u00e9cidive\u2026<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Toute <strong>proportion<\/strong> (pourcentage) r\u00e9sultant d\u2019un comptage d\u2019individus. <em>Ex\u00a0: taux de mortalit\u00e9, taux de patient en ALD\u2026<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Tout crit\u00e8re qualitatif qui peut \u00eatre <strong>hi\u00e9rarchis\u00e9<\/strong>. <em>Ex\u00a0: petit, moyen, grand \u2026<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"loi_normale\">2. Loi normale<\/h3>\n<p>La <strong>loi normale<\/strong> est une loi continue dont la <strong>densit\u00e9 de probabilit\u00e9<\/strong> est d\u00e9finie par\u00a0:<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"894\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/stat\/formule-normale\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/formule-normale.png?fit=654%2C230&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"654,230\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"formule normale\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/formule-normale.png?fit=629%2C221&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-894 alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/formule-normale-300x106.png?resize=300%2C106&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"formule normale\" width=\"300\" height=\"106\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/formule-normale.png?resize=300%2C106&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/formule-normale.png?resize=600%2C211&amp;ssl=1 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/formule-normale.png?w=654&amp;ssl=1 654w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Voil\u00e0 qui nous fait une belle jambe\u00a0!<\/p>\n<p>Pour info, la densit\u00e9 de probabilit\u00e9 correspond \u00e0 la probabilit\u00e9 d&rsquo;observer un \u00e9v\u00e9nement donn\u00e9.\u00a0<em>Par ex: si on regarde la taille de la population fran\u00e7aise et que sa distribution suit une loi normale, cette fonction nous permettra de pr\u00e9dire\u00a0la proportion de sujets ayant une taille pr\u00e9cise.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>En regardant d\u2019un peu plus pr\u00e8s l\u2019\u00e9quation, on remarque cette fonction f(x) d\u00e9pend de 2 variables\u00a0: <strong>s<\/strong> et <strong>\u00b5<\/strong> (on en reparlera juste apr\u00e8s).<\/p>\n<p>Mais regardons sa repr\u00e9sentation graphique\u00a0:<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"596\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/stat\/667px-gauss_reduite\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/667px-Gauss_reduite.png?fit=667%2C451&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"667,451\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"667px-Gauss_reduite\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/667px-Gauss_reduite.png?fit=629%2C425&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-596\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/667px-Gauss_reduite-300x203.png?resize=300%2C203&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"667px-Gauss_reduite\" width=\"300\" height=\"203\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/667px-Gauss_reduite.png?resize=300%2C203&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/667px-Gauss_reduite.png?w=667&amp;ssl=1 667w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Et l\u00e0, miracle\u00a0! On reconna\u00eet cette forme. On l\u2019appelle la <strong>courbe de Gauss<\/strong> ou la <strong>courbe en cloche.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Mais \u00e0 quoi \u00e7a sert\u00a0?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Le miracle de la nature veut que lorsqu\u2019on r\u00e9alise une exp\u00e9rience al\u00e9atoire, la probabilit\u00e9 d\u2019obtenir une certaine valeur suit une loi de probabilit\u00e9 normale.<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"597\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/stat\/gauss-taille\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/gauss-taille.png?fit=882%2C660&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"882,660\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"gauss taille\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/gauss-taille.png?fit=629%2C471&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-597 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/gauss-taille-300x224.png?resize=300%2C224&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"gauss taille\" width=\"300\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/gauss-taille.png?resize=300%2C224&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/gauss-taille.png?w=882&amp;ssl=1 882w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><em>Par exemple\u00a0: si on mesure la taille de toute la population fran\u00e7aise, on va se rendre compte que la distribution de probabilit\u00e9 (probabilit\u00e9 de faire une certaine taille) ressemble \u00e0 une courbe de Gauss.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Ainsi, on observe que la plupart de la population mesure entre 160 et 180 cm, \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s 170 cm en moyenne. On peut approximer que la distribution de la taille dans la population fran\u00e7aise suit une loi normale.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>On pourra approximer la distribution par une fonction f(x) ayant comme param\u00e8tres\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u00b5\u00a0<\/strong>: appel\u00e9 <strong>moyenne<\/strong>, c\u2019est un indice de <strong>position.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>s\u00a0<\/strong>: appel\u00e9 <strong>l\u2019\u00e9cart type<\/strong>, c\u2019est un indice de <strong>dispersion.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Dans l\u2019exemple suivant, on observe diff\u00e9rentes courbes de Gauss en faisant varier les param\u00e8tres :<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"599\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/stat\/normal_distribution_pdf\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Normal_Distribution_PDF.png?fit=720%2C460&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"720,460\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Normal_Distribution_PDF\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Normal_Distribution_PDF.png?fit=629%2C402&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-599\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Normal_Distribution_PDF-300x192.png?resize=300%2C192&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Normal_Distribution_PDF\" width=\"300\" height=\"192\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Normal_Distribution_PDF.png?resize=300%2C192&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Normal_Distribution_PDF.png?w=720&amp;ssl=1 720w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Il est important de comprendre rapidement le principe de la courbe de Gauss et de la loi normale. On s\u2019en servira plus tard, lorsqu\u2019on voudra r\u00e9aliser des tests statistiques.<\/p>\n<p>Pour information, je vous mets aussi la repr\u00e9sentation graphique de sa fonction de r\u00e9partition :<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"598\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/stat\/normal_distribution_cdf\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Normal_Distribution_CDF.png?fit=720%2C460&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"720,460\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Normal_Distribution_CDF\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Normal_Distribution_CDF.png?fit=629%2C402&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-598\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Normal_Distribution_CDF-300x192.png?resize=300%2C192&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Normal_Distribution_CDF\" width=\"300\" height=\"192\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Normal_Distribution_CDF.png?resize=300%2C192&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lepcam.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Normal_Distribution_CDF.png?w=720&amp;ssl=1 720w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>La fonction de r\u00e9partition correspond \u00e0 la distribution des probabilit\u00e9s cumul\u00e9es. Elle permet de d\u00e9terminer la probabilit\u00e9 d&rsquo;observer un intervalle de probabilit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p><em>En reprenant l&rsquo;exemple de la taille, cette fonction nous permettra de pr\u00e9dire la proportion de sujets ayant taille comprise entre 2 valeurs ou une taille inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 un seuil.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"estimation\">3. L\u2019estimation<\/h3>\n<p>On ne recueille des donn\u00e9es que dans un \u00e9chantillon d\u2019une population. Techniquement, on ne peut pas r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer les donn\u00e9es dans une population enti\u00e8re.<\/p>\n<p>A partir de ces donn\u00e9es, on va d\u00e9finir certaines variables dont la distribution sera une estimation de la distribution de la variable dans la population enti\u00e8re.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Estimer correspond \u00e0 mesurer une variable al\u00e9atoire et la d\u00e9finir selon 3 param\u00e8tres\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Position<\/strong>\u00a0: ordre de grandeur<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dispersion<\/strong>\u00a0: variabilit\u00e9<\/li>\n<li><strong>Liaison<\/strong>\u00a0: force de liaison avec une autre variable<\/li>\n<li>(<strong>Intervalle de confiance<\/strong>\u00a0: intervalle dans lequel la mesure a une certaine probabilit\u00e9 de se trouver. Elle se calcule \u00e0 partir de la position et la dispersion.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"categorie\">B. Les cat\u00e9gories de variables<\/h2>\n<p>La connaissance des principaux types de variables est indispensable pour faire des analyses statistiques.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Variables al\u00e9atoire<\/strong> : entit\u00e9 qui peut prendre toutes les valeurs d\u2019un ensemble de d\u00e9finition donn\u00e9, dont la valeur est soumise au hasard.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Qualitative\u00a0<\/strong>(cat\u00e9gorielle) : grandeurs non num\u00e9riques\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ordonn\u00e9e\u00a0<\/strong>: elles s\u2019expriment en classes qui peuvent \u00eatre ordonn\u00e9es selon une \u00e9chelle de valeurs. <em>Ex : score de gravit\u00e9 l\u00e9ger, moyen, s\u00e9v\u00e8re.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Nominales\u00a0<\/strong>: variables dont les classes ne peuvent \u00eatre hi\u00e9rarchis\u00e9es. <em>Ex : groupe\u00a0sanguin.<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>Cas particulier\u00a0: <strong>binaire\u00a0<\/strong>: variable ne pouvant prendre que 2 r\u00e9sultats possibles.\u00a0<em>Ex\u00a0: sexe.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Quantitative\u00a0<\/strong>: on peut faire la somme ou la diff\u00e9rence de plusieurs r\u00e9sultats.\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Discr\u00e8te<\/strong> (discontinue)\u00a0: variable qui ne peut prendre qu\u2019une suite discontinue (finie ou infinie) de valeurs, donnant un faible nombre de r\u00e9sultats. <em>Ex : Nombre de rechutes d\u2019une maladie par an, parit\u00e9.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Continue\u00a0<\/strong>: variable peut prendre toutes les valeurs d\u2019un intervalle fini ou infini.<em> Ex\u00a0: poids.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Censur\u00e9e\u00a0<\/strong>: variable \u00e9voluant avec le temps dont la mesure peut manquer au moment de l\u2019analyse. On les retrouve surtout dans les analyses de survie concernant les \u00ab\u00a0exclus-vivants\u00a0\u00bb et les \u00ab\u00a0perdus de vue\u00a0\u00bb dont on ne conna\u00eet pas l\u2019\u00e9tat au moment de la mesure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Exercice Prescrire : <a href=\"https:\/\/formations.prescrire.org\/Fr\/EECC0E65C1342092C870111A266354EE\/Download.aspx\">B.A.-BA n\u00b01 : \u00ab\u00a0Pr\u00e9valence, incidence, risque absolu\u00a0\u00bb<\/a><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"uni_multi\">C. Les analyses descriptives, univari\u00e9es et multivari\u00e9es<\/h2>\n<p>On distingue plusieurs type d&rsquo;analyse pour d\u00e9crire les donn\u00e9es :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>les analyses descriptives visent \u00e0 d\u00e9crire un ensemble de donn\u00e9es \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide d&rsquo;un indice de position (ex : moyenne) et de dispersion (ex : variance)<\/li>\n<li>les analyses univari\u00e9es et multivari\u00e9es cherchent \u00e0 quantifier\u00a0<strong>l\u2019association brute<\/strong> entre une variable \u00e0 expliquer (<strong>r\u00e9ponse<\/strong>) et une variable explicative (<strong>facteur<\/strong>).\n<ul>\n<li>Soit on ne prend pas en compte d&rsquo;autres facteurs, on parle d&rsquo;analyse <strong>univari\u00e9e<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Soit on prend en compte d\u2019autres facteurs pour \u00e9tudier l\u2019association qui sera <strong>ajust\u00e9e<\/strong> (et non pas brut), on parle d\u2019analyse <strong>multivari\u00e9e<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"descript\">1. Descriptive<\/h3>\n<h4>a. Mesures de position<\/h4>\n<p>D\u00e9finition\u00a0: indice donnant l\u2019ordre de grandeur d\u2019une variable.<\/p>\n<p>Synonyme\u00a0: indice de localisation<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Moyenne <\/strong>: moyenne arithm\u00e9tique, somme des valeurs divis\u00e9e par le nombre d\u2019observations.<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u00e9diane\u00a0<\/strong>: valeur qui permet de s\u00e9parer\u00a0l\u2019ensemble des valeurs en 2.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Quartile, d\u00e9cile, percentile\u00a0<\/strong>: valeurs qui partagent les donn\u00e9es en 4, 10 ou 100 groupes \u00e9gaux.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mode\u00a0<\/strong>: valeur de donn\u00e9e la plus fr\u00e9quente dans l\u2019\u00e9chantillon.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fr\u00e9quence relative\u00a0<\/strong>: fr\u00e9quence d\u2019une valeur ou d\u2019un intervalle de classe observ\u00e9 dans un ensemble de donn\u00e9es et calcul\u00e9 en divisant la fr\u00e9quence par le nombre d\u2019observations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>b. Mesures de dispersion<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Variance\u00a0<\/strong>: moyenne des carr\u00e9s des \u00e9carts \u00e0 la moyenne de chaque valeur mesur\u00e9e. Elle r\u00e9sume l\u2019ensemble des \u00e9carts entre la moyenne et les valeurs mesur\u00e9es.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ecart-type<\/strong> : racine carr\u00e9 de la variance. Dans les articles, les auteurs indiquent l\u2019\u00e9cart-type plut\u00f4t que la variance.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Coefficient de variation <\/strong>: mesure relative de la dispersion autour de la moyenne, permettant de comparer le degr\u00e9 de variation d&rsquo;un \u00e9chantillon \u00e0 un autre, m\u00eame si les moyennes sont diff\u00e9rentes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Extr\u00eame\u00a0<\/strong>: valeurs maximales et minimales observ\u00e9es.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Etendue\u00a0<\/strong>: diff\u00e9rence entre les 2 valeurs extr\u00eames.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Intervalle interquartile\u00a0<\/strong>: diff\u00e9rence entre le 1<sup>er<\/sup> et 3<sup>\u00e8me<\/sup><\/li>\n<li><strong>Intervalle semi-interquartile\u00a0<\/strong>: moiti\u00e9 de l\u2019intervalle interquartile, il est utilis\u00e9 pour les variables ordonn\u00e9es ou lorsque que la distribution est asym\u00e9trique.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Quel indice utiliser\u00a0?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>On regarde la distribution de la variable.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Soit elle est <strong>normale\u00a0<\/strong>: on peut ainsi estimer sa distribution par des param\u00e8tres \u00e0 savoir la <strong>moyenne<\/strong> et la <strong>variance<\/strong> (et l\u2019\u00e9cart-type).<\/li>\n<li>Soit elle est <strong>non normale<\/strong> ou <strong>asym\u00e9trique\u00a0<\/strong>: on estime sa distribution par les <strong>quartiles<\/strong> (dont la <strong>m\u00e9diane<\/strong>) et <strong>l\u2019\u00e9tendue<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Dans le cas de variable <strong>censur\u00e9e\u00a0<\/strong>: une dur\u00e9e de survie est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme une <strong>variable quantitative continue<\/strong>. En th\u00e9orie, on pourrait en extraire les param\u00e8tres de position et de dispersion habituelle. N\u00e9anmoins, le caract\u00e8re g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement asym\u00e9trique des distributions de survie incite \u00e0 utiliser des param\u00e8tres plus robustes tels que la <strong>m\u00e9diane<\/strong> et <strong>quartile<\/strong> plut\u00f4t que la moyenne et l\u2019\u00e9cart type.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>d. Intervalle de confiance<\/h4>\n<p><em>En cours de r\u00e9daction<\/em><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"univar\">2. Univari\u00e9e<\/h3>\n<p>Les analyses univari\u00e9es cherchent \u00e0 quantifier\u00a0<strong>l\u2019association brute<\/strong> entre une variable \u00e0 expliquer (<strong>r\u00e9ponse<\/strong>) et une variable explicative (<strong>facteur<\/strong>), sans prendre en compte d&rsquo;autre facteur.<\/p>\n<h4>a. Principaux tests statistique pour comparer 2 variables :<\/h4>\n<p>Le choix du test statistique sera fonction du type de variable :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Si on compare <strong>2 variable qualitatives<\/strong> : test du <strong>Chi2<\/strong> ou de Fisher<\/li>\n<li>Si on compare <strong>1 variable quantitative et 1 qualitative :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Soit on a 2 groupes : test de <strong>Student<\/strong> ou de Mann-Whitney<\/li>\n<li>Soit on a &gt; 2 groupes : <strong>ANOVA<\/strong> (analyse de covariance) ou\u00a0test de Kruskal-Wallis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>b. Mesures de liaison entre 2 variables : d\u00e9pendance et concordance<\/h4>\n<p>J&rsquo;ai tent\u00e9 de r\u00e9sumer les principales mesures de liaison en fonction de la nature des variables.<\/p>\n<p>Elles seront trait\u00e9es en d\u00e9tails dans le chapitre suivant <a href=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/bivariee\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u00ab\u00a0Analyse bivari\u00e9e\u00a0\u00bb<\/a><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Univari\u00e9e<\/td>\n<td>Multivari\u00e9e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Variable<\/td>\n<td>D\u00e9pendance<\/td>\n<td>D\u00e9pendance monotone<\/td>\n<td>Concordance<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 qualitative<\/td>\n<td>+ 1 qualitative\u00a0: RR et OR<\/td>\n<td>+1 qualitative\u00a0: Spearman<\/td>\n<td>+1 qualitative\u00a0: Kappa<\/p>\n<p>+ 1 qualitative si binaires\u00a0: Sp, Sn, VPP, VPN, RV, ROC<\/td>\n<td>Si binaire + quanti\u00a0: r\u00e9gression lin\u00e9aire<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 quantitative<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>+1 quantitative\u00a0: Pearson<\/td>\n<td>+1 quantitative\u00a0: coefficient intraclasse<\/td>\n<td>+ quanti\u00a0: r\u00e9gression logistique<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Censur\u00e9e<\/td>\n<td>+1 qualitative binaire\u00a0: HR<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Param\u00e8tre de d\u00e9pendance\u00a0<\/strong>: 2 variables sont d\u00e9pendantes si une mesure issue de la premi\u00e8re donne a priori une information sur la mesure \u00e0 venir de la seconde.\u00a0Ce param\u00e8tre va d\u00e9pendre du type de variable\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>2 variables quantitatives\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>il n\u2019existe <strong>aucun<\/strong> param\u00e8tre.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>2 variables qualitatives\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Coefficient \u03c6<\/li>\n<li>Cas particulier des variables binaires :\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/bivariee\/#rr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Risque relatif (RR)<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Odds ratio (OR)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Censur\u00e9e\u00a0(1 variable censur\u00e9e + 1 variable qualitative binaire)\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li>Rapport instantan\u00e9 des risques (HR, <strong><em><a href=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/bivariee\/#hr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hazard Ratio<\/a><\/em><\/strong><em>)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Param\u00e8tre de d\u00e9pendance monotone\u00a0<\/strong>: 2 variables sont d\u00e9pendantes de fa\u00e7on monotone quand la 2<sup>\u00e8me<\/sup> est d\u2019autant plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e que la 1<sup>\u00e8re<\/sup> l\u2019est. <em>Ex\u00a0: poids et taille.<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>2 variables quantitatives\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Coefficient de corr\u00e9lation de <a href=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/bivariee\/#pearson\">Pearson<\/a> (r)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><em>Pourcentage de variance partag\u00e9e (r<sup>2<\/sup>)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>2 variables qualitatives\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Coefficient de corr\u00e9lation des rangs de <a href=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/bivariee\/#spearman\">Spearman<\/a> (r<sub>s<\/sub>)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Param\u00e8tre de concordance\u00a0<\/strong>: 2 variables sont en concordance si elles aboutissent aux m\u00eames mesures. <em>Ex\u00a0: la glyc\u00e9mie mesur\u00e9e par 2 glucom\u00e8tre diff\u00e9rents.<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>2 variables quantitatives\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Coefficient de corr\u00e9lation intraclasse (\u03c1)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>2 variables qualitatives\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Coefficient <a href=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/bivariee\/#kappa\">kappa<\/a> (\u03ba)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Cas particulier des variables binaires\u00a0:\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/bivariee\/#sn\"><strong>Sensibilit\u00e9, sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/bivariee\/#vp\"><strong>Valeur de vraisemblance positive et n\u00e9gative<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/bivariee\/#rv\"><strong>Rapport de vraisemblance<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/lepcam.fr\/index.php\/les-etapes\/bivariee\/#roc\"><strong>Courbe ROC<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"multivar\">3.\u00a0Multivari\u00e9e<\/h3>\n<p>Les analyses multivari\u00e9es cherchent \u00e0 quantifier\u00a0<strong>l\u2019association<\/strong>\u00a0entre une variable \u00e0 expliquer (<strong>r\u00e9ponse<\/strong>) et une variable explicative (<strong>facteur<\/strong>), en l&rsquo;ajustant en fonction d&rsquo;autres facteurs.<\/p>\n<p>Les principales m\u00e9thodes sont les suivantes\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mod\u00e9lisation <strong>lin\u00e9aire<\/strong> :\n<ul>\n<li><strong>R\u00e9gression lin\u00e9aire simple <\/strong>: 1 variable quanti vs 1 quanti<\/li>\n<li><strong>R\u00e9gression lin\u00e9aire multiple <\/strong>:\u00a01 variable quanti vs &gt;1 quanti<\/li>\n<li><strong>ANOVA<\/strong> (Analyse de variance) : &gt; 2 quanti normales vs 1 quali<\/li>\n<li><strong>ANCOVA <\/strong>(Analyse de covariance) : idem ANOVA avec au moins 1 quanti continue<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Mod\u00e9lisation <strong>non lin\u00e9aire (logistique&#8230;)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Analyse de donn\u00e9es multidimensionnelles<\/strong> :\n<ul>\n<li><strong>ACP<\/strong>\u00a0(Analyses en Composantes Principales) : variables <strong>quanti<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>AFC<\/strong>\u00a0(Analyse Factorielle des Correspondances) : variables <strong>quali<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>ACM<\/strong>\u00a0(Analyse des Correspondances Multiples) : variables <strong>quali<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n\n<div id='zp-InTextBib-zotpress-ed3968f501e122e8cc4dc6651901d861' class='zp-Zotpress zp-Zotpress-InTextBib wp-block-group zp-Post-154'>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ITEM_KEY ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_STYLE ZP_ATTR\">vancouver<\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SORTBY ZP_ATTR\">default<\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ORDER ZP_ATTR\">asc<\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TITLE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWIMAGE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWTAGS ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_DOWNLOADABLE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_NOTES ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ABSTRACT ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_CITEABLE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TARGET ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_URLWRAP ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_FORCENUM 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id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-WSNAV6FU\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">3.7\u2013.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-5C83BXKP\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">13.4% of participants fell within the KDIGO 2012 moderate risk CKD, 0.9\u20135.6% within the high-risk group and 0.3\u20134.8% within the very high-risk group.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-U7VZZSRR\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Orlandi PF, Huang J, Fukagawa M, et al. A collaborative, individual-level analysis compared longitudinal outcomes across the International Network of Chronic Kidney Disease (iNETCKD) cohorts. Kidney Int. 2019;96:1217\u201333.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-QHKDBIRN\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Fig. 3 Prevalence of each KDIGO 2012 category in general population samples.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-3AV944QR\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Applying KDIGO criteria, 450 (50%) were defined as moderate risk, 86 (10%) high risk and 69 (8%) very high risk. 33% did not have a uACR recorded to determine risk.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-SV3FU3SI\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">905 patients met the inclusion criteria (6% of the population).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-A5AQC9BH\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">14,525 patients.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-89KGJRJM\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Primary Care software to extract data.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-DBQ2BIYD\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Introducing a Cardiovascular Renal Metabolic Service to Optimise the\u00a0 Management of Chronic Kidney Disease in Primary Care. An Interface\u00a0 Project.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-5JGW36MF\" data-zp-author-date='Linden-et-al.-2025-04-09' data-zp-date-author='2025-04-09-Linden-et-al.' data-zp-date='2025-04-09' data-zp-year='2025' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Linden P, Leonard N, Conlan J. Introducing a Cardiovascular Renal Metabolic Service to Optimise the Management of Chronic Kidney Disease in Primary Care. An Interface Project. | International Journal of Integrated Care. 2025 Apr 9 [cited 2025 Sept 24]; Available from: <a class='zp-ItemURL' href='https:\/\/ijic.org\/articles\/10.5334\/ijic.ICIC24496'>https:\/\/ijic.org\/articles\/10.5334\/ijic.ICIC24496<\/a><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-NVMSN59U\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">public and private facilities.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-LCD6B632\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Risk profile, quality of life and care of patients with moderate\u00a0 and advanced CKD: The French CKD-REIN Cohort Study.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-HNV9NLBN\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Overall distribution according to KDIGO 2012 risk groups showed 7.4% at low or moderate, 15.8% at high and 65.5% at very high risk, while 11.2% were unclassified due to missing albuminuria (Figure 1.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-PWNAZUB3\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">23. Stengel B, Metzger M, Combe C, et al. Risk profile, quality of life and care of patients with moderate and advanced CKD: the French CKD-REIN Cohort Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2019;34:277\u201386.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-N3XZWQ6Z\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">participants fell within the KDIGO 2012 lowrisk group, 3.7\u201313.4% within the moderately increased risk group, 0.9\u20135.6% within the highrisk group and 0.3\u20134.8% within the very highrisk group.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-4UVS3FK9\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">ost fell within the KDIGO 2012 low-risk or moderate-risk groups, with 0.9\u20135.6% in the high-risk and 0.3\u20134.8% in the very high-risk groups.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-5HMBESS2\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">revalence of CKD (GFR categories G3\u20135), ranging from 2% to 17%.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-NV9HSB6Q\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Adv Ther (2021).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-MGJR4HRT\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease by KDIGO Categories of Glomerular Filtration Rate and Albuminuria: A Systematic Review.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-DU57T8ZR\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">1.1).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-ZFMNHDA9\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">6.5.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-N76RFVZP\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">23.8.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-GBEQF7IT\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">68.6.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-BI3X9KPE\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">CKD stage at first qualifying eGFR measurement.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-CJTBKVAG\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">testing within 6 months of CKD diagnosis.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-H4QWENIJ\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">6529 patients with CKD (18.4%) received follow-up urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-LGFJ5SMF\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">With Diabetes and Hypertension (n = 14 859 [32.2%]).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-9S49AALH\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">With Diabetes (n = 6770 [14.7%]).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-K3T2S85Z\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">6770 (14.7%) had diabetes without\u00a0 hypertension, 16 930 (36.7%) had hypertension only, and 14 859 (32.2%) had both diabetes and\u00a0 hypertension.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-UG4DEHZK\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">56.0).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-4QZLLW6E\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">69.2 (14.0).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-BNCZ2LB4\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">6 162 patients (mean [SD] age, 69.2 [14.0] years; 25 855\u00a0 [56.0%] female) from primary care practices.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-CGQT4G2Q\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Only 6529 patients (18.4%) with CKD received a urine albumin test within 6\u00a0 months of CKD diagnosis,.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-TUV5J634\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">with stage 3 to 5 CKD.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-CUF55GJJ\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">46 162 patients (mean [SD] age, 69.2 [14.0].<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-DJBBP6YY\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">2019.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-6W74YU8A\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Quality of Chronic Kidney Disease Management\u00a0 in Canadian Primary Care.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-8QNE6QDR\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">Electronic medical\u00a0 record.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-G88L2LIA\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">\u2022 The estimated prevalence of CKD in France at 8%\u201310% is close to that expected.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-WZ4EFDPU\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">n France, the MONALISA study using three representative cross-sectional surveys in subjects aged 35\u201374.9 years estimated the CKD prevalence at 8.2% (95% CI, 7.4\u20138.9%).<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-2XNSCD9A\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">18% of individuals treated for diabetes.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-MX9VFK4H\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">54% women.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-AFM6WFE2\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">in the \u2018likely\u2019 group.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-L4NFTMBB\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">in the \u2018certain\u2019 group, 68 years.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-XHQDQ6SU\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">The median age was 67 years.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-AWDYR4TG\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">n 2021, representing an estimated prevalence in the general population increasing from 8.1% to 10.5%.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-HLH5VSDX\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">RENALGO-EXPERT algorithm identified 4.5% of the volunteers in the CONSTANCES as CKD.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-6KVQUSUJ\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">the estimated prevalence in the SNDS increased from 8.1% to 10.5%.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-7PEZ4939\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">CONSTANCES.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-154-1093634-XJRBALW5\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='annotation' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\" style=\"clear: left; \">\n    <div class=\"csl-left-margin\" style=\"float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 1em;\">1.<\/div><div class=\"csl-right-inline\" style=\"margin: 0 .4em 0 1.5em;\">SNDS.<\/div>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem --><\/div><!-- .zp-zp-SEO-Content -->\n<\/div><!-- .zp-List --><\/div><!--.zp-Zotpress-->\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I. Les bases de l&rsquo;analyse statistique A. Probabilit\u00e9\u00a0et statistique 1. Variable al\u00e9atoire Une variable al\u00e9atoire correspond \u00e0 l\u2019ensemble des r\u00e9sultats possible d\u2019une exp\u00e9rience al\u00e9atoire. En gros c\u2019est \u201cquelque chose dont il est impossible de pr\u00e9voir le r\u00e9sultat en avance\u201d Ex\u00a0: la variable al\u00e9atoire \u00ab\u00a0sexe\u00a0\u00bb pourra prendre pour valeur \u00ab\u00a0homme\u00a0\u00bb ou \u00ab\u00a0femme\u00a0\u00bb, la variable al\u00e9atoire \u00ab\u00a0poids\u00a0\u00bb [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":147,"menu_order":40,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-154","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Introduction aux probabilit\u00e9s et aux analyses statistiques<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Introduction aux probabilit\u00e9s (variable al\u00e9atoire, loi normale, estimation) et aux analyses statistiques (univari\u00e9es, bivari\u00e9es et multivari\u00e9es)\" 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